The use of passive lichen biomonitoring in combination with positive matrix factor analysis and stable isotopic ratios to assess the metal pollution sources in throughfall deposition of Bolu plain, Turkey
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2020
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Elsevier
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
Özet
The main objective of this study was to determine the elemental content of (51 elements) and stable isotope (delta C-13, delta N-15) content of lichen, Xanthoria parietina. The results were evaluated according to seasonal changes, pollution source, and altitudes. The data indicated that there is no significant impact of seasonal variation in concentrations of most of the elements and isotopes. The uptake efficiency of Xanthoria parietina and pine needle was compared and it was found out that significantly higher amounts of metals were accumulated by Xanthoria parietina than by pine needles. The lowest delta C-13 and the highest delta N-15 values were obtained in pine needle in both seasons. Both delta C-13 and delta N-15 showed increasing (for summer) and decreasing (for winter) trends with a rise in an altitude. Source apportionment of elements was performed by using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and supported by G-score maps. As a result, six sources were determined for the area namely urban environment, lichen nutrient elements, contaminated soil, traffic and mixed soil, lichen metabolism and coal combustion. The concentration pollution maps and G-score maps of Pb and Ba were similar and this was an indication of the vehicle emissions. The elements As, Bi and Tl signed the coal combustion.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Biomonitoring, Lichen, Elements, Stable Isotope, Positive Matrix Factorization
Kaynak
Ecological Indicators
WoS Q Değeri
Q2
Scopus Q Değeri
Q1
Cilt
113
