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Öğe Industrial symbiosis: CO2 utilization by producing disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and baking soda from borax(Amer Chemical Soc, 2023) Çopur, Mehmet; Şenol, Ayşe Merve; Pekdemir, Turgay; Onganer, YavuzThis paper proposesa novel method for CO2 capture,utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) with borax producing disodiumoctaborate tetrahydrate (Na2O & BULL;4(B2O3)& BULL;4H(2)O & EQUIV; Na2B8O13 & BULL;4H(2)O, DSOBTH) equivalent boron compoundsand sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). We tested the performanceof this method experimentally using aqueous ammonium (NH4 (+)) solutions in a pressurized reactor (1 L) continuouslypurged with pure (99.9%) CO2. Experimental parameters werechanged as temperature (T), 45-65 & DEG;C; solid-to-liquidratio (SLR), 0.69-0.92 g/mL; reaction time (t), 30-60 min; pressure (P), 5-30 bar;NH3 concentration (AC) 2.82-5.65 M; and steeringspeed (SS), 500 rpm. The results showed that P and T were highly influential on the performance. The best conditionsfor CO2 utilization were found as P =20 bar; T = 60 & DEG;C; SLR = 0.77 g/ml; t = 50 min; and AC = 4.76 M. Per ton of tincal, under theseconditions, produced were 0.274 ton of DSOBTH (& SIM;67% B2O3), 0.216 ton of NaHCO3 (& SIM;95% purity),0.386 ton of avoided boric acid, and 0.417 ton of avoided CO2. The total potential added value can be about $1100/ton of tincal.Öğe Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 at a suburban site in the northwestern part of Turkey(Vinca Inst Nuclear Sci, 2023) Karadeniz, Hatice; Sağırlı, Eda; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyIn this study, daily fine particulate matters (PM2.5) were sampled between Febru-ary 22, 2011 and February 22, 2012 in Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Cam-pus. 277 PM2.5 samples were collected by using a stacked filter unit. The 51 ele-ments (Li, Be, Na, K, Mg, Al, P, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, W, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, Tl, Th, U) were determined using ICP-MS technique. The most frequently observed elements were Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ce, and Cd in PM2.5. Aluminum, Ca, Na, Fe, K, and Mg were the elements having the largest arithmetic means. The concentrations of elements in the summer seasons were higher than the concentrations of elements in the winter season except for As and Bi. Source apportionment of elements was performed by using positive matrix factorization. Five sources were determined for the samples namely sea salt (Na, K, Mg, Ca), coal combustion (As, Pb, Bi, Tl, Cd, Sb, Se, Mo), wood and coal combustion (K, Rb, Se, Cs, Sb, Pb, Bi, Tl, Fe, Mn, Cd), soil (Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Th), and industrial activity - iron-steel works (Cr, Mo, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mn, Cd, Sb, Ca). The factor of wood and coal combustion showed the same trend in the region for the whole year.Öğe Hidden realities: Food waste from servings in mini size packaging(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Doğdu, Gamze; Pekdemir, Turgay; Lakestani, Sanaz; Karabörk, Şeyda; Çavuş, OsmanThis paper provides data obtained from real-life measurement of the Food Waste (FW) associated with the services offering food in mini size (9-20 g) single-use packaging representing the impact of the difficulties in emptying the food from such packages and service characteristics. We collected discarded such food packages from commercial public eateries (a time-share thermal town, student canteen, and student refectory), quantified FW, and subjected data to statistical analysis regarding the eatery places, package characteristics, and food type. The results suggest that service style, packaging, and consumer wastefulness can cause 10-47 %, 3-11 %, and 5-37 % FW, respectively, indicating hidden part of the wastage iceberg from mini size food portions with vast implication on the food and relevant packaging sustainability. Regarding the packing, the dominant cause of FW is difficulties in emptying the food, such as the shape, size, depth, width, and material of the package. Concerning the consumer wastefulness, our measurements seem to imply that the groups with relatively higher affluency creates more FW. Our results will prove to be highly beneficial in both promoting efforts to raise awareness of not only consumers but also industry players and decision makers on the sustainability for food and relevant packaging material.Öğe A BODIPY decorated multiple mode reusable paper-based colorimetric and fluorometric pH sensor(Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Öztürk, Dilek; Ömeroğlu, Dilek; Köksoy, Baybars; Göl, Cem; Durmuş, MahmutIn this study, two difluoroboradiazaindacene (BODIPY) compounds bearing diethylaminostyryl groups were synthesized in order to establish colorimetric and fluorometric paper-based pH sensors. The structures of these novel BODIPY compounds were identified by NMR (H-1, C-13, B-11, and F-19), elemental analysis, MALDI-TOF, FT-IR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies as well as single-crystal X-Ray data. The DFT study was also per-formed to optimize of these two novel BODIPY structures. Electrochemical measurements were applied to estimate their redox potentials. Photophysical properties such as fluorescence quantum yield and lifetimes were investigated to determine the effect of acid addition in both DMSO and 1,4-dioxane solutions of the studied BODIPY derivatives. Also, pKa values of the synthesized compounds (1a and 1b) were determined from absorbance and fluorescence measurements by acid titration studies. The paper-based pH sensor behavior of these BODIPY derivatives was investigated and their performances were determined on the lemon juice samples as a real sample analysis. A simple, cost-effective, rapid, portable, colorimetric, and fluorometric paper-based BODIPY sensing platform was developed in this study for the detection of the variety of pH changes in lemon juice.Öğe Volumetric properties and viscosities for 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate and ethylene glycol binary mixture from 293.15 K to 343.15 K at atmospheric pressure(Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2023) Altun, Aycan; Şara, Osman Nuri; Pekdemir, TurgayThis study presents the results from the measurements and further analysis of densities and viscosities of pure 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate, EMISE, and its binary mixtures with ethylene glycol, EG, over the entire composition range. Measured at atmospheric pressure from 293.15 to 343.15 K. A first-order polynomial equation was fitted to experimental density values of the EMISE + EG binary mixtures, whereas Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann (VFT) equation was used to fit viscosity data. Volumetric and excess properties have been determined. The excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were correlated by the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. Additionally, several selected semi-empirical viscosity models for EMISE + EG binary mixtures were tested, and coefficients were obtained. The thermal expansion coefficients of EMISE + EG binary mixtures were calculated. The intermolecular interactions between components were discussed. The results showed that in addition to the intermolecular interactions between components, packing effects due to the molecular size caused changes in properties.Öğe Rapid manufacturing via selective radio-frequencyheating and curing of thermosetting resins(Wiley-V C H Verlag GMBH, 2022) Sarmah, Anubhav; Desai, Suchi K.; Tezel, Güler Bengüsu; Vashisth, Aniruddh; Mustafa, Mazin M.; Arole, KailashA new method for additive manufacturing of thermosetting resins using selective, localized radio-frequency (RF) heating and curing in a thermoset reservoir is demonstrated. The use of a local RF applicator addresses the challenge of selective curing and printing of heat-curable thermosets from a reservoir of resin, without the addition of photocurable acrylates. The filler of interest is multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which heat up rapidly in response to an RF field. A target temperature can be maintained by modulating the RF power. Multilayered structures were 3D printed by moving the RF applicator relative to the resin reservoir, selectively curing the resin exposed to the field; this process was repeated for each layer. Thermal and mechanical properties of RF-printed samples were compared against conventional samples, with both methods showing similar glass transition temperatures and storage moduli; the RF-heated samples showed a more uniform morphology with lesser voids. The 3D printing process (temperature and conversion varying in space and time) is modeled to demonstrate the scope of this method in printing complex structures. This method of multilayered additive manufacturing of thermosetting resins allows for rapid, free-form processing.Öğe Additive manufacturing of nanotube-loaded thermosets via direct ink writing and radio-frequency heating and curing(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Sarmah, Anubhav; Desai, Suchi K.; Crowley, Ava G.; Zolton, Gabriel C.; Tezel, Güler Bengüsu; Harkin, Ethan M.Direct Ink Writing (DIW) is an extrusion-based additive manufacturing method where the print medium is a liquid-phase 'ink' dispensed out of nozzles and deposited along digitally defined paths. Conventional DIW of thermosetting resins relies on viscosity modifying agents, novel crosslinking chemistries, and/or long curing schedules in an oven. Here we demonstrate the use of a co-planar radio frequency applicator to generate an electric field, which can be used to rapidly heat and cure nano-filled composite resins as they are printed. This method avoids the need for an oven or post-curing step. This process consists of a sequential print-and-cure cycle which allows for printing of high-resolution, multi-layered structures. Every extruded layer is partially cured using RF before depositing the next layer; this allows the printed part to maintain structural integrity. The process enables both increased throughput and decreased touch time relative to traditional manufacturing. Commercial epoxy resin with varied nano-filler loadings were examined as DIW candidates. After printing, the thermo-mechanical properties, surface finish, and shape retention of RF-cured samples were comparable to conventionally cured samples. This method of manufacturing establishes RF heating as a suitable alternative to conventional methods, facilitating rapid, free-form processing of thermosetting resins without a mold.Öğe Simultaneous quantification of real-world elemental contributions from the exhaust and non-exhaust vehicular emissions using road dust enrichment factor-elemental carbon tracer method (EFECT)(MDPI, 2023) Karakaş, Duran; Berberler, Ercan; Karşı, Melike Büşra Bayramoğlu; Demir, Tuğçe; Aslan, Özge; Karakaş, Serpil Yenisoy; Karadeniz, HaticeEmission control regulations have been essential in reducing vehicular exhaust emissions. However, the contribution of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions to ambient particulate matter (PM) has not yet been accurately quantified due to the lack of standardized sampling and measurement methods to set regulations. The identified sources and the source profiles generated have not been comparable as none of the emission data collection techniques and the receptor models applied in the literature have produced a standard or reference method to simultaneously identify and quantify the non-exhaust emission sources. This study utilized and thoroughly characterized PM samples including 32 major and trace elements from a mixed fleet in a mountain highway tunnel atmosphere in Bolu, Turkiye. This work proposed a two-stage, simple, and robust method based on road dust enrichment factor (EF) and elemental carbon (EC) tracer methods (EFECT) for the identification and prediction of the exhaust (exh), and non-exhaust (n-exh) emissions in PM. The indicated method revealed that road dust resuspension emissions are the most significant contributor to the concentrations of crustal elements. This method was used successfully to determine the real-world elemental contributions of road dust resuspension (rdrs), emissions (em), exhaust (exh), and non-exhaust (n-exh) emission sources to the elemental concentrations in PM samples. This study provided significant insights into generating actual source profiles, source-specific emission factors, and the source apportionment results for vehicular emission sources worldwide. Considering this, PM data of any particle size fraction (PM10, PM10-2.5, and PM2.5, for example) can be used as input for the EFECT, provided that the data include the analytical results of elemental carbon in both the atmospheric PM and road dust samples having similar PM sizes.Öğe Industrial symbiosis: Boron waste valorization through CO2 utilization(Korean Institute Chemical Engineers, 2022) Çopur, Mehmet; Pekdemir, Turgay; Kocakerim, Mehmet Muhtar; Korucu, Haluk; Guliyev, RövşenVarious wastes being generated globally and dumped on land by mineral processing activities pose great ecological and health problems. An example is the boron mineral beneficiation solid wastes. Even greater threat is anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions among key causes of prevalent climate change. By this work, we propose a symbiotic solution to alleviate both environmental threats through recovering valuable boron products from boron wastes (BW), while also utilizing and sequestering CO2 stably and permanently. This article presents the results on the effect of important operation parameters for the performance of such a process within the following ranges determined by preliminary tests: temperature: 20-60 degrees C, solid-to-liquid ratio: 0.1-0.5 g/ml, reaction time: 15-120 min, stirring speed: 300-700 rpm and particle size: 150-600 mu m. CO2 gas (99.9%) flow rate was maintained continuously at 1.57 l/min under atmospheric pressure. The important findings are (1) per ton of BW production of commercially valuable either (a) 310 kg sodium penta-borate or (b) 350 kg sodium penta-borate mixed with Na2CO3, depending on the process configuration, (c) 725 kg relatively pure CaCO3, a potential source for precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and (d) 72 kg CO2 utilization, (2) effective parameters for CO2 utilization, in decreasing order are temperature, solid-to-liquid ratio and time, while stirring speed and particle size are ineffective within the range investigated and (3) the optimum operating conditions as: temperature: 60 degrees C, solid-to liquid ratio: 0.1 g/ml, time: 90 min, stirring speed: 500 rpm and particle size: <180 mu m.Öğe Synthesis of axially disubstituted silicon(IV) phthalocyanines and investigation of their photophysical and photochemical properties(ELSEVIER, 2022) Değirmencioğlu, İsmail; İren, Kübra; Yalçın, İzzet; Göl, Cem; Durmuş, MahmutIn this study, the axially 1-(4-(3-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-6-yl)piperazin-1-yflethanone and 1-(4-(3-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,3]oxazin-6-yl)piperazin-1-yflethanone disubstituted silicon(IV) phthalocyanines and their corresponding quaternized derivatives were synthesized for the first time as candidate photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment. The structures of these novel compounds were confirmed by some spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, UV-Vis, and mass. The axially substitution increased the solubility of the silicon(IV) phthalocyanines. The prepared silicon(IV) phthalocyanines showed great results achieved from photochemical and photophysical investigations in DMSO solution. Especially, high singlet oxygen (Phi(Delta)) and the fluorescence quantum yield (Phi(F)) values of the quaternized silicon (IV) phthalocyanines indicates that these compounds have major potential as photosensitizers in PDT. Furthermore, studied silicon(IV) phthalo-cyanine complexes could be classified as the stable photosensitizer in accordance with photodegradation study results. The fluorescence quenching behavior of these phthalocyanine complexes was also examined using fluorescence quenching method by 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ).Öğe Phenomenal simulation modelling of X-ray diffraction patterns of pyrite ash bioprocessed in acetobacter aceti contained media(Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, 2021) Ermurat, YakupPhenomenal profiling functions were applied for the simulation of an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of pyrite ash bioprocessed in Acetobacter aced contained growth media. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) values were estimated for each pattern of pyrite ash, and the Bragg equation was used to determine the atomic layer spacing, as well crystallite size and strain broadening were accomplished by applications of Scherrer and Williamson-Hall equations. Errors in line broadening were correlated with the FWHM equations of the generalised profiling functions, and the microstrain (epsilon) was estimated with the relation between the integral breadth (beta(i)) and cos theta. Furthermore, the XRD pattern of a discrete peak was 3D simulated using Gaussian, Lorentzian, Pearson VII, pseudo-Voigt, and Voigt functions. The Gaussian function with a round top peak was designated the most suitable profile simulation by offering the maximum peak height, I-max and tails comparable to the experimental peak.Öğe Interparticle interactions and rheological signatures of Ti3C2Tz MXene dispersions(ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2022) Tezel, Güler Bengüsu; Arole, Kailash; Holta, Dustin E.; Radovic, Miladin; Green, Micah J.Hypothesis: We hypothesize that dispersed Ti3C2Tz MXene particle interactions are reflected in the bulk viscoelastic properties of the dispersions and can be analyzed using classical colloidal theory for anisotropic particles. The relevant kinetic theory for Brownian anisotropic particles is given by the Doi and Edwards (D-E) Model, and the Maxwell Model is used to fit the relaxation times as a function of frequency. Such behavior is relevant to a variety of MXene processing techniques, particularly printing and coating. Experiments: Small oscillatory shear tests were performed for dilute Ti3C2Tz MXene aqueous dispersions as a function of their concentration and temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), f potential measurements, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) were used to characterize the Ti3C2Tz MXene nanoparticles. Findings: Ti3C2Tz dispersions show gel-like and viscous-like behavior at low and high temperatures, respectively. Experimental relaxation times fitted to the Maxwell model are found to be close to the theoretical values. However, at high temperatures, relaxation time values differ due to the inter-particle interactions, even in the dilute concentration regime. For Ti3C2Tz dispersions, aggregation, and clustering can have dramatic consequences for dispersion rheology, including gelation, as the sample transitions from liquid-like to solid-like behavior.Öğe A study on tunable viscoelastic properties of xhantan gum and sodium alginate hyrogelling system(PLEIADES PUBLISHING INC, 2021) Tezel, Güler BengüsuIn this study, viscoelastic properties of xhantan gum (XG) and sodium alginate (SA) hydrogelling system were investigated at a definite range of volumetric mixing ratio of XG-SA in detail. The Carreau model gives reasonable fitting (R2 > 0.994) to the XG-SA system given by steady shear rheological measurements. In addition, the four element Maxwell model is used to capture well linear viscoelasticity of this system resulting from oscillatory shear rheological measurements. These measurements show that the viscoelastic relaxation times are longer for the higher ratio of XG in the hydrogel system. Physical gel network formations were also confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of XG-SA.Öğe Comparative (co-)pyrolytic performances and by-products of textile dyeing sludge and cattle manure: Deeper insights from Py-GC/MS, TG-FTIR, 2D-COS and PCA analyses(Elsevier, 2021) Zhang, Junhui; Zou, Huihuang; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Xie, Wuming; He, Yao; Büyükada, MusaNot only does pyrolysis recover energy and value-added by-products but also reduces waste stream volume. The low volatiles and high ash contents of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) limit its mono-pyrolysis performance. This study aimed to conduct an in-depth analysis of its co-pyrolytic performance with cattle manure (CM). The co-pyrolysis enhanced the volatiles emission from the early devolatilization stage whose reaction mechanism shifted from a diffusion model to a reaction-order model. The further cracking of macromolecular materials was mainly elucidated by the reaction-order model. The temperature dependency of the co-pyrolytic gases was of the following order: aliphatic hydrocarbons > CO2 > alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The main co-pyrolytic volatile products were coumaran and 4-vinylguaiacol. The relative content of guaiacol-type components could be enhanced by co-pyrolysis and lowering the operational temperature to 450 degrees C. The interaction of co-pyrolysis enriched the char aromaticity. Our findings provide practical insights into the control and application opportunities and limitations on the high value-added energy and products from the co pyrolysis of TDS and CM.Öğe Synergistic effects, gaseous products, and evolutions of NOx, precursors during (co-)pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge and bamboo residues(Elsevier, 2021) Hu, Jinwen; Song, Yueyao; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Büyükada, Musa; Yan, YoupingThis study aimed to investigate the synergistic influences of the textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and bamboo residues (BR) co-pyrolysis, and its effects on the formation mechanisms of NH3 and HCN. The mass loss rate was lower for TDS than BR, with the co-pyrolysis with 50% BR exerting the strongest synergistic effect. The pyrolysis stages 1 (< 400 degrees C) and 2 (400 800 degrees C) were best described using the diffusion and third-order reaction mechanisms, respectively. Activation energy and frequency factor were lower for the pyrolysis of TDS than BR. The addition of no less than 50% BR significantly increased the emissions of CO2, CO, CH4, C=O, and C O and reduced the aromatic compounds. The thermal stability of N-A structure was lower in TDS than BR. The co-pyrolysis with 50% BR significantly inhibited the formations of NH3 and HCN and improved the aromaticity of biochar. This may due to the weakened hydrogenation reaction at N sites, the enhanced conversion of NH3, the inhibition of the ring cleavage in the char-secondary cracking, and the formation of more quaternary-N. Our results provide insights into the co-treatment of TDS and BR, and controls over NO,, precursors for a cleaner energy production.Öğe Dynamic pyrolysis behaviors, products, and mechanisms of waste rubber and polyurethane bicycle tires(Elsevier, 2021) Tang, Xiaojie; Chen, Zihong; Liu, Jingyong; Chen, Zhiyun; Xie, Wuming; Evrendilek, Fatih; Büyükada, MusaGiven their non-biodegradable, space-consuming, and environmentally more benign nature, waste bicycle tires may be pyrolyzed for cleaner energies relative to the waste truck, car, and motorcycle tires. This study combined thermogravimetry (TG), TG-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and pyrolysis-gas chromato-graphy/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses to dynamically characterize the pyrolysis behavior, gaseous products, and reaction mechanisms of both waste rubber (RT) and polyurethane tires (PUT) of bicycles. The main devolatilization process included the decompositions of the natural, styrene-butadiene, and butadiene rubbers for RT and of urethane groups in the hard segments, polyols in the soft segments, and regenerated isocyanates for PUT. The main TG-FTIR-detected functional groups included C-H, C=C, C=O, and C-O for both waste tires, and also, N-H and C-O-C for the PUT pyrolysis. The main Py-GC/MS-detected pyrolysis products in the decreasing order were isoprene and D-limonene for RT and 4, 4 '-diaminodiphenylmethane and 2-hexene for PUT. The kinetic, thermodynamic, and comprehensive pyrolysis index data verified the easier decomposition of PUT than RT. The pyrolysis mechanism models for three sub-stages of the main devolatilization process were best described by two-dimensional diffusion and two second-order models for RT, and the three consecutive reaction-order (three-halves order, first-order, and second-order) models for PUT.Öğe Pyrolysis dynamics of two medical plastic wastes: Drivers, behaviors, evolved gases, reaction mechanisms, and pathways(Elsevier, 2021) Ding, Ziyi; Chen, Huashan; Liu, Jingyong; Cai, Haiming; Evrendilek, Fatih; Büyükada, MusaThe public has started to increasingly scrutinize the proper disposal and treatment of rapidly growing medical wastes, in particular, given the COVID-19 pandemic, raised awareness, and the advances in the health sector. This research aimed to characterize pyrolysis drivers, behaviors, products, reaction mechanisms, and pathways via TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS analyses as a function of the two medical plastic wastes of syringes (SY) and medical bottles (MB), conversion degree, degradation stage, and the four heating rates (5,10, 20, and 40 degrees C/min). SY and MB pyrolysis ranged from 394.4 to 501 and from 417.9 to 517 degrees C, respectively. The average activation energy was 246.5 and 268.51 kJ/mol for the SY and MB devolatilization, respectively. MB appeared to exhibit a better pyrolysis performance with a higher degradation rate and less residues. The most suitable reaction mechanisms belonged to a geometrical contraction model (R-2) for the SY pyrolysis and to a nucleation growth model (A(1.2)) for the MB pyrolysis. The main evolved gases were C-4-C-24 alkenes and dienes for SY and C-6-C-41 alkanes and C-8 -C-41 alkenes for MB. The pyrolysis dynamics and reaction pathways of the medical plastic wastes have important implications for waste stream reduction, pollution control, and reactor optimization.Öğe Corrigendum to: The use of passive lichen biomonitoring in combination with positive matrix factor analysis and stable isotopic ratios to assess the metal pollution sources in throughfall deposition of Bolu plain, Turkey (vol 112, 106212, 2020)(Elsevier, 2021) Dörter, Melike; Karadeniz, Hatice; Saklangıç, Uğur; Yenisoy, Serpil KarakaşDüzeltme “The use of passive lichen biomonitoring in combination with positive matrix factor analysis and stable isotopic ratios to assess the metal pollution sources in throughfall deposition of Bolu plain, Turkey Orijinal makale:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106212Öğe Reaction mechanisms and product patterns of Pteris vittata pyrolysis for cleaner energy(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Song, Yueyao; Hu, Jinwen; Evrendilek, Fatih; Büyükada, Musa; Liang, Guanjie; Huang, Wenxiao; Liu, JingyongThe pyrolysis behaviors, kinetics, evolved products, and optimization of aboveground (PA) and below ground (PB) biomass of Pteris vittata were quantified. The pyrolysis performance in response to the elevated heating rate was improved by 21.21 and 16.79 times for PA and PB, respectively. CH4 and CO emissions were produced more from the pyrolysis of PB than PA. The increased pyrolysis temperatures of PA and PB led to the three consecutive releases of C=O (alcohol, ketone, acid, and furan), C-O (alcohol, phenol, and ether), and CO2, CH4, H2O, and CO. The formations of NH3 and HCN were more sensitive to the temperature rise with PB than PA. PA produced alcohol/ketone and acids by 1.81 and 1.32 times what PB produced. PB produced furan and carbohydrate/alkene by 1.56 and 2.52 times what PA produced. PA appeared as a more suitable feedstock than PB and showed an optimal pyrolysis behavior at 545 degrees C and 45 degrees C/min. Our findings can provide the basis for characterizing the process and environmental benignity of the hyperaccumulator pyrolysis. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Removal of color, COD, and turbidity from the effluents of turkey processing plant by ozonation: Box-Behnken approach and Monte Carlo simulation(Pamukkale Üniversitesi, 2020) Büyükada, MusaThe purpose of the present study includes of the advanced treatment of discharge waters of a local turkey processing plant located in Bolu, under the guidance of the experiments based on Box Behnken Design (BBD), empirical modeling, and quantification of the uncertainties in the derived models. Ozone dose (OD, mg/L), reaction time (RT, min) and initial pH (pH) were selected as experimental operating parameters. Color, COD, and turbidity removals were obtained as 96.77%, 96.07%, and 95.37%, respectively under the conditions of 20 mg/L of OD, 7.5 of initial pH, and 60 min of RT. Those results showed that ozonation was an efficient process for treatment of related effluents. Multiple (non-) linear regression models (MNLR) were derived for both identification of variation in response variables (R-adj(2)) and prediction of response variables (R-pred(2)) as a results of BBD-based empirical modeling studies. In this context, it was seen that values of R-adj(2) of derived MNLR models had ranged between 99.81% and 99.99%, whereas values of R-pred(2) had varied between 99.36% and 99.83%. This situation showed that derived MNLR models had a fairly high predictive power. Finally, the uncertainties in derived MNLR models were tried to be identified and quantified by Monte Carlo simulation (MC). Results of MC demonstrated that there were uncertainties of 0.1%, 0.09%, and 24% in color, COD, and turbidity removals, respectively.
