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    ANADOLU'DA BUĞDAY HASADININ SOSYO KÜLTÜRÜ VE DİYALEKTOLOJİSİ
    (2015) Zencirci, Nusret
    Hasat sözcüğü ekilip yetiştirildikten sonra elde edilen ürünü ve buna ilişkin yapılan festival benzeri kutlamaları içinde taşır. Başka bir deyişle; ürün yetiştirmenin sonuçlandığını ve ürünün güvende olduğunu belirtir. Bu tarihi gayret, bu önemli yıllık faaliyet insanoğluna buğdayı ve ekmeğin tüm çeşitlerini hediye etmiştir. Hasat, böylelikle, tüm toplumlarda sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik hayatı yoğun bir şekilde etkilemiştir. Bu etki, dilde ve diyalekte kendini sözcük yapıları ve deyimler olarak göstermiştir. Bugün, makinelerle artık kolaylıkla yapılabilen hasat, yine de tarihsel zamanlardan kalan önemli zaman tüketici özelliğini korumaktadır. Anadolu tarımın ilk yapıldığı önemli yörelerden biridir Anadolu halkı bugüne kadar süregelen zengin bir buğday kültürünü geliştirmişlerdir. Hem tarihsel kanıtlar hem de bugün var olan yemek kültürü Anadolu'da çok zengin bir buğday kültürünü işaret etmektedir. Fırat ve Dicle nehirleri arsında başlayarak daha sonra aşağılara yani \"Verimli Hilal\"e ve Arap Körfezine -Mezopotamya- kadar inmiştir. Göbeklitepe (Şanlıurfa), Çatalhöyük (Konya), İvriz (Konya), ve Alacahöyük (Çorum)'deki kazılarda bulunan buğday daneleri bu tarihi görüşleri desteklemiştir. On birinci yüzyılda Anadolu'ya varan Türkler, Orta Asya'daki hasat tecrübelerini de beraberlerinde getirdiler. Türkçedeki diyalektler buğday kültüründen fazlaca etkilenmiş olmak ve Derleme Sözlüğünde yer almış olmakla beraber bu konu yeterince incelenmemiştir. Dahası, değişik diyalekteler içinde yer alan sözlü formlar ve kültürel ilişkili sözcükler tam olarak derlenmemiştir. Bu nedenle; anılan bu konuların çoklu disiplinler tarafından detaylı bir şekilde çalışılması gerekmektedir. Burada; tarihsel yapısı içerisinde buğday tarımı, buğday hasadı ve buğday kültürü diyalektler ve ilişkili sözcük grupları bakımından incelenecektir
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    Anadolu’da buğday hasadının sosyo kültürü ve diyalektolojisi
    (2015) Zencirci, Nusret
    Hasat sözcüğü ekilip yetiştirildikten sonra elde edilen ürünü ve buna ilişkin yapılan festival benzeri kutlamaları içinde taşır. Başka bir deyişle; ürün yetiştirmenin sonuçlandığını ve ürünün güvende olduğunu belirtir. Bu tarihi gayret, bu önemli yıllık faaliyet insanoğluna buğdayı ve ekmeğin tüm çeşitlerini hediye etmiştir. Hasat, böylelikle, tüm toplumlarda sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik hayatı yoğun bir şekilde etkilemiştir. Bu etki, dilde ve diyalekte kendini sözcük yapıları ve deyimler olarak göstermiştir. Bugün, makinelerle artık kolaylıkla yapılabilen hasat, yine de tarihsel zamanlardan kalan önemli zaman tüketici özelliğini korumaktadır. Anadolu tarımın ilk yapıldığı önemli yörelerden biridir Anadolu halkı bugüne kadar süregelen zengin bir buğday kültürünü geliştirmişlerdir. Hem tarihsel kanıtlar hem de bugün var olan yemek kültürü Anadolu'da çok zengin bir buğday kültürünü işaret etmektedir. Fırat ve Dicle nehirleri arsında başlayarak daha sonra aşağılara yani "Verimli Hilal"e ve Arap Körfezine -Mezopotamya- kadar inmiştir. Göbeklitepe (Şanlıurfa), Çatalhöyük (Konya), İvriz (Konya), ve Alacahöyük (Çorum)'deki kazılarda bulunan buğday daneleri bu tarihi görüşleri desteklemiştir. On birinci yüzyılda Anadolu'ya varan Türkler, Orta Asya'daki hasat tecrübelerini de beraberlerinde getirdiler. Türkçedeki diyalektler buğday kültüründen fazlaca etkilenmiş olmak ve Derleme Sözlüğünde yer almış olmakla beraber bu konu yeterince incelenmemiştir. Dahası, değişik diyalekteler içinde yer alan sözlü formlar ve kültürel ilişkili sözcükler tam olarak derlenmemiştir. Bu nedenle; anılan bu konuların çoklu disiplinler tarafından detaylı bir şekilde çalışılması gerekmektedir. Burada; tarihsel yapısı içerisinde buğday tarımı, buğday hasadı ve buğday kültürü diyalektler ve ilişkili sözcük grupları bakımından incelenecektir.
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    Ancient Wheats
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Zencirci, Nusret; Ulukan, Hakan; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Mansoor, Shahid; Rasheed, Awais
    Wheat (Triticum L.), an annual herbaceous plant in Poacae (Gramineae) family, settles in the Triticeae (Hordeae) subfamily. The grasses (Poaceae Barnhart) are the fifth largest (monocotyledonous flowering) plant family and of great importance for human civilization and life. Cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, and millet are the domesticated ones in the family. It is still the most vital economical plant family in modern times, providing food, forage, building materials (bamboo, thatch), and fuel (ethanol). Wheat has many accessions in national and international gene banks. The estimated number of wheats by FAO in 2010 is 856,000, and, followed by rice (774,000), and barley (467,000). However, the recent consumer's (misdirected) focus on gluten content and nutritional value urges scientists to reexamine their knowledge about wheat (i.e., origin, evolution, and general and special quality characteristics), as well as their wild relatives and landraces for newer possible genetic resources. Cultured or non-cultured ancestral wheats: einkorn, emmer, wild emmer, spelt, macha, and vavilovii are still limitedly grown on the higher areas in Turkey, Italy, Germany, Morocco, Israel, and Balkan countries. They are exploited mostly for their desired agronomic, and specific quality. In some cultures, wheat species are believed to be therapeutic, with bioactive compounds that reduce and inhibit stubborn illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer, and cardiovascular diseases. In this book, we summarize the importance of ancestral wheat species, and provide a prospect for their future with special considerations in terms of species conservation and improvement. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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    Assessment of genetic diversity based on agro-morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers in einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) landrace populations from Turkey
    (Pamukkale University, 2023) Zommita, Suliman; Ozbek, Ozlem; Yildiz, Gulgez Gokce; Unuvar, Omer Can; Unlu, Ercan Selcuk; Zencirci, Nusret
    The aim of this study is to investigate genetic diversity in 48 einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) landraces grown in agricultural areas of Bolu and Kastamonu. Therefore, variation in seven agro-morphological traits was investigated. Agro-morphological traits such as leaf weight (mg), coleoptile length (cm), root number (n), root length (cm), fresh root weight (mg), and dry root weight (mg) were examined by the coefficient of variation, ANOVA, and principal components analysis. The highest coefficient of variation (%) was observed in fresh root weight (FRW = 52.09%), while the lowest was in leaf weight (LW = 8.9%). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was calculated as 76.93% variation in two main components. For molecular characterization, data obtained with iSSR primers were analyzed with the population genetics analysis program PopGene (ver. 1.32). According to PopGene results, the mean number of alleles, the mean number of effective alleles, and average genetic diversity values were calculated as na = 2, nea = 1.33, and h = 0.13, respectively. Among the agro-morphological traits, germination power, root number, and coleoptile length appeared to be reliable traits. The results show that the use of morphological characters alone for genetic diversity in populations is not sufficient to determine the difference between populations and their genetic structure. © 2023 The authors.
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    Bacteria isolated from Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum roots can improve wheat hologenome in agriculture
    (Springer, 2022) Ünüvar, Ömer Can; Zencirci, Nusret; Ünlü, Ercan Selçuk
    Background Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum is an ancestral wheat species originated from Karacadag Mountain of Turkey more than ten thousand years ago. Because of environmental and anthropogenic effects, food supply and demand are not balanced. Agricultural activities such as breeding, and fertilization are important to sustain the balance. Conventional breeding and fertilization applications usually neglect contribution of plant related hologenomes in agricultural yield. The disruption of plant growth promoting microorganisms results in intensive usage of chemical fertilizers. The harmony between plant and plant-associated microorganisms is important for sustainability. In this study, isolation, biochemical characterization, and impact on plant growth parameters of natural bacteria associated with Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum hologenome were aimed. Methods and results The collection of root samples and isolations of the root-associated bacterial species were carried out from local wheat lands. According to interpretation of three identification methods (MALDI-TOF, 16S rDNA, 16S-23S rDNA) eight isolates are Arthrobacter spp. ESU164, Arthrobacter spp. ESU193, Pseudomonas spp. ESU131, Pseudomonas spp. ESU141, Pseudomonas poae strain ESU182, Pseudomonas thivervalensis strain ESU192, Pseudomonas spp. ESU1531, Bacillus subtilis strain ESU181. For each isolate we investigated biochemical properties especially nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and indole-3-acetic acid production abilities. The results show that all isolates are nitrogen fixers and the best phosphate solubilizer have been reported as Pseudomonas spp. ESU131 with 2.805 +/- 0.439. Conclusions All isolates are indole-3-acetic acid productors. 2 isolates affected the coleoptile lengths, 7 bacterial isolates showed statistically positive effect on root number, and 5 isolates promote the root lengths and the root fresh weights.
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    Bread wheat responds salt stress better than einkorn wheat does during germination
    (2016) Aslan, Didem; Zencirci, Nusret; Etöz, Murat; Ordu, Bülent; Bataw, Sara
    Salt stress during germination degenerates crop establishment and declines yield in wheat (Triticum subsp.). Against salt (NaCl) stress, we investigated 12 bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and 10 einkorn wheat (T. monococcum subsp. monococcum) entries for germination rate, germinating power, coleoptile length, shoot length, root length, shoot/root length ratio, root fresh weight, root dry weight, and root fresh/dry weigh ratio. An effective blocking in variance analysis improved statistical significance and differentiation between germination stages and wheat entries. Salt total and salt ranking tolerance indices grouped the wheat entries into tolerant (Bayraktar 2000, Gerek 79, İkizce 96, Gün 91, Demir 2000, and Momtchil) and susceptible ones (Population-4, Population-14, Population-15, Population-9, Population-11, and Population-10). The best coleoptile length and root fresh weight developments occurred between 0 and 0.15 M and root length between 0 and 0.10 M salt doses. Coleoptile length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight started decreasing at 0.20 M. Pearson linear correlation coefficients were significant at different levels for coleoptile length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight. Spearman correlation coefficients were not significant between the worst salt affected characters of coleoptile length, shoot length, root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight characters under the control treatment but were significant under salt stress. A significant PC value of 0.356 was recorded for root dry weight, 0.335 for root length, 0.310 for shoot root length ratio, and 0.309 for root fresh weight in PC 1. The first three PCs accounted for 90.52% of total variation. The highest PC was PC1 (71.946%), followed by PC2 (11.098%), and PC3 (7.481%). The dendrogram of all wheat entries clearly differentiated bread and einkorn wheats as both salt indices did. Here, it seemed, then, that those bread wheat cultivars were more salt tolerant than einkorn populations, most likely because of their geographic origin differences.
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    Bread-making properties of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcoum) and its suitability for whole wheat bread production
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Keçeli, Alaettin; Evlice, Asuman Kaplan; Pehlivan, Aliye; Sanal, Turgay; Zencirci, Nusret
    With the increase in demand for healthy and safe food, the interest in the wild ancestors of wheat and the demand for einkorn wheat have increased in the last few decades. In Turkey, einkorn wheat is commonly consumed as bulgur. However, due to the higher protein, minerals particularly Zn and Fe, and phenolic compounds it contains, einkorn wheat flour has started to be added to wheat flour at different rates. Aim in this study is to determine the suitability of einkorn wheat for bread making. Einkorn refined flour addition enables lighter and brighter bread production, while the increasing amount of whole wheat flour has brought together darker bread. Due to the higher amount of bran, it contains, whole wheat flour has led to a significant reduction in bread volume value. The ZS, modified Zeleny sedimentation, SDSS and modified sodium dodecyl Sulphate sedimentation values which directly affect the bread structure showed significant decreases as the amount of einkorn flour and wholemeal flour increased. Einkorn can be mixed with bread wheat flour and whole wheat flour in certain proportions and used in the production of bread suitable for consumer demands. Although it causes a certain decrease in bread structure; einkorn has enough potential to be used in making both wheat bread and whole wheat bread
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    Characterization of genetic diversity in cultivated einkorn wheat (triticum monococcum l. ssp. monococcum) landrace populations from Turkey as revealed by ISSR
    (PLEIADES PUBLISHING INC, 2021) Özbek, Özlem; Zencirci, Nusret
    In this study, six einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) landrace populations, and two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations collected from farmers' fields in Bolu and Kastamonu provinces were characterized in terms of genetic diversity by using 12 Intel Simple Sequence Repeat primers, which produced a total of 247 loci, 238 (96.36%) polymorphic and 9 monomorphic (3.64%). The mean numbers of allele, effective allele, and value of genetic diversity were observed as 2, 1.3, and 0.2, respectively. According to species, Triticum monococcum had 233 (93.93%) polymorphic loci, while Triticum aestivum had, 123 (49.80%). The genetic diversity was observed as h = 0.20 in T. monococcum, and h = 0.14 in Triticum aestivum. A dendrogram constructed according to the genetic distance values by using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method. Triticum aestivum and Triticum monococcum populations are clustered into different clusters. The number of sub-populations was identified as the optimal value for K = 7. ISSR markers were successful to determine the genetic diversity and population structure within and between species. Triticummonococcum, a valuable genetic resource, is currently under extinction risk. Not only does this important genetic resource to be protected by ex situ conservation, but also it must continue to be cultivated by local farmers through on farm conservation. In this way, the dynamic evolutionary process will continue and be genetically compatible with current ecological conditions. Besides, as it is a suitable plant species for organic farming and contains important nutrients for human health in terms of food content and, therefore, its popularity is increasing for the production of local products.
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    Conservation of plant genetic resources
    (Springer International Publishing, 2021) Özbek, Kürşad; Zencirci, Nusret
    Turkey, the origin center of wheat, has a significant role in the world for wheat genetic resources. Wheat landraces and wild relatives with their importance in global safety have lived in Anatolia for a thousand of years. There are many studies about landraces in Turkey. Mirza Gokgöl, in 1939, identified 18,000 ecotypes and 256 new varieties in his Turkish Wheats book. On the contrary to bred wheat cultivars, landraces because of their population structure do have a wide genetic base and carry resistance genes against biotic and abiotic stress factors and serve as genitors to wheat breeders across the world. So many landraces have been utilized as genitors in Turkey and around the world. There are two methods for protection of valuable genetic resources: ex situ and in situ. Genetic resources are protected in gene banks, botanic gardens, and in situ protection sites and made available to scientists. Among them, Turkish National Gene Bank, Turkish Seed Gene Bank, and IRRI (the rice collection at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines) and CIMMYT (wheat and maize at the International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center, Mexico) gene banks exist. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.
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    Conservation Strategies
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Ulukan, Hakan; Zencirci, Nusret; Örgeç, Mehmet
    This chapter analyzes the ancient wheat species with their conservation techniques through various questions about their importance, advantages, etc. In this context, mainly in situ (on site/on farm, in place/in habitats/ecosystems) and ex situ (off site/at genebank, out of place) conservations were examined for their advantages, disadvantages, the effect of conservation on the ancient wheats, and plant genetic resources (PGRs) and crop wild relatives (CWRs). Furthermore, general seed bank operations, conservation, and utilization of the ancient wheats (with CWRs) in them were investigated. The use of wheats was debated by a colored taxon distribution. World map and the future of the wheat landraces were discussed, and on-farm and sustainable dynamic conservation of ancient landraces were analyzed. Farmer’s evaluation and conservation of crop genetic resources were also shared. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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    CONSUMER OPINİIONS ON THE GASTRONOMIC PRODUCTS PRODUCED WITH ANATOLIA'S WHEAT HERITAGE IZA
    (2023) Keskin, Çisem Nildem; Yaman, Zühal; Zencirci, Nusret
    Although agriculture started in a small region around Southeastern Turkey, western Iran, and Levant around 9,500-8,500 BC, it quickly spread in the area in all directions. Wheat (Triticum ssp), barley, and lentil, which were the first crops cultivated between 9,000 and 3,500 BC, are still consumed in the world and provide 90% of daily calories. As the first domesticated plant, wheat has become the most important ring in human food since the domestication of the goat in 9,000 BC. It was a plant grown only in the Middle East 10,000 years ago, but then it spread all over the world in a couple of thousand years. Wheat was not grown in those days in North America but now is grown on thousand square kilometers. This surely demonstrates the adaptive ability of wheat to grow on larger acreages (Harari, 2015). Einkorn, the first-primary cereal crop that originated in and spread around Turkey, has been cultivated in Morocco, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, and some other Balkan countries. Around 10,000 BC, diploid (AA) einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) was cultivated in earlier agricultural villages (Stallknecht et al., 1996). The decrease in the cultivation of einkorn after the Bronze Age was due to barley, emmer (Triticum dicoccon), and spelt (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta) cultivation. Tetraploid emmer (AABB) was a major cultivated wheat species in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The decline in einkorn cultivation has been because of higher yields of emmer and spelt, and their easier harvest (Hammed and Simsek, 2014; Marino et al., 2009). Organic foods have recently received an accelerated interest from the larger human community. There is no need to use fertilizers and pesticides to grow hulled kinds of wheat such as einkorn. Moreover, einkorn is considered to be genetically unaltered by man (Hammed and Simsek, 2014). Therefore, these naturally grown wheat species have attracted the attention of organic food consumers. Çankırı, Çorum, Sinop, Kayseri, Kayseri, Kastamonu, Bolu, Bilecik and to some extent Kütahya provinces have been historical einkorn cultivation areas in Türkiye. The locals have called the einkorn by different local names; the people of Bolu, Bilecik and Kütahya call it \"IZA\", while in the other cities it is called \"Siyez\". IZA, which is grown in Seben, a district of Bolu, has regained popularity across Turkey (Figure 1).
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    Coupling socioeconomic factors and cultural practices in production of einkorn and emmer wheat species in Turkey
    (Springer, 2020) Yaman, Huri Melek; Ordu, Bülent; Zencirci, Nusret; Kan, Mustafa
    Wheat, a basic food source in Turkey and the world, provides calories, protein, and energy to many people. Wheat has evolved from primarily domesticated hulled wheats. Of them, einkorn (Triticum monococcumssp.monococcum) (EIW) and emmer (Triticum dicoccon) (EMW), with their cultural heritages from the past until the present, are popular ones, and they are still grown in patches across Turkey. In this study, the main material consists of the data obtained through a questionnaire with 53 emmer- and einkorn-related people-producers, sellers, etc., from five largely einkorn- and emmer-growing provinces (Bolu, Kastamonu, Karabuk, Sinop, and Samsun) in the western Black sea region. The main aim was to determine the valuation and usage of einkorn and emmer in the survey area. While 78.0% of the farmers were producing einkorn, 22.0% of them were producing emmer wheat. Most of the farmers (86.0%) did not sell or trade hulled wheat because of the difficulties in harvesting and processing. There is no perfect market to sell them and find the quality seed to produce again. Because of these, einkorn and emmer are being produced by the farmers as in subsistence farming (traditional type) and being valued by using traditional home consumption techniques. The popularity of einkorn and emmer wheats is increasing, and health concerns of the public are accelerating interest in them. Therefore, increased acreage should be devoted to these wheats in Turkey to meet predicted market demand.
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    Diversity exists in development parameters and enhancement of antioxidant mechanisms of some einkorn and bread wheats under combined water deficits and salt stress
    (Mattioli 1885, 2017) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Bozat, Bihter Gökçe; Aslan, Didem; Zencirci, Nusret
    Introduction. Climatic changes worsen the production of wheat, an important stable crop while improving its some nutritional quality characteristics. Methods. Therefore, the purpose here was to evaluate some yield limiting factors as well as some quality characteristics in 8 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Kirac - 66, Kenanbey, Flamura - 85, Momtchill, Bayraktar - 2000, Tosunbey, Pandas, and Pehlivan) and 8 einkorn (Triticum monococcum spp. monococcum) populations (Populations - 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 15) under three different osmotic pressures (0.0 MPa., -0.5 MPa., or -1.0 MPa.) and three different salt concentrations [0.0 (distilled water), 50 mM or 100 mM NaCl]. Moreover, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities were determined. Results. Among bread wheat cultivars, Pandas had the longest shoot length, root length, the heaviest fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, and fresh root weight in the control group. In the einkorn populations, Pop - 6 had the longest shoot length, root length, the heaviest fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, and fresh root weight again in the control group. The heaviest dry root weight was obtained in Momtchill and Pop - 9 under drought stresses. The TPC was the highest in Kirac - 66 and in Pop - 10 under salt stress and the TFC was in Pehlivan under salt stress. The methanol extracts of Kirac - 66, Pop - 9, and Pop - 15 obtained under salt stress had stronger free radical scavenging activity than by ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Kirac - 66 had the highest free radical scavenging antioxidant activity under salt stress and higher secondary metabolite products (as flavonoids), which indicated the highest tolerance system under both drought and salt stress. Kirac - 66, which was improved for poorer, drier, and cooler lands had better root and metabolite production under combined drought and salt stress as expected.
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    An efficient regeneration protocol for in vitro direct organogenesis in einkorn (triticum monococcum l.) wheat
    (GALENOS PUBL HOUSE, 2022) Şahin, Günce; Örgeç, Mehmet; Zencirci, Nusret
    Coleoptile, leaf, and root explants of the einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) were cultured in vitro to obtain an efficient plant regeneration protocol through direct shoot formation by using different combinations and concentrations of various plant growth regulators. A total of 180 different auxin and cytokinin combinations were tested for regeneration. Shoot formation was not observed with the root and leaf explants. Shoot formation was obtained only from the coleoptile explants, with a mean of 1.20 +/- 0.24 shoots/explant and 86.60% of shoot formation frequency and with a 1.20 +/- 0.53 shoots/explant and 80.00% shoot formation frequency on medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ and 1 mg L-1 TDZ plus 1 mg L-1 NAA, respectively. The shoots were subcultured on the MS medium containing the most effective hormonal combination concurrently continued to shoot and root formation for 45 days. It is noteworthy that 3.66 +/- 0.66 shoots per explant were induced by MS, which contained 1 mg L-1 TDZ plus 1 mg L-1 NAA and 2.0 mg L-1 KIN plus 0.5 mg L-1 NAA for 45 days. Of the different auxin concentrations tested for rooting, 2.0 mg L-1 IAA was predominant, with the greatest number of roots (12.33 +/- 0.88) produced per regenerated shoot. Finally, these well-developed plantlets were acclimatized with a 100% success rate and were transferred to the ex vitro conditions. A highly efficient regeneration protocol for einkorn wheat was developed using somatic tissue as an explant source for the first time.
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    Einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) in vitro propagation sterilization protocol
    (2018) Örgeç, Mehmet; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Şahin, Günce; Ağıl, Ferdi; Zencirci, Nusret
    Einkorn is one of the oldest and important wheat species because of its increasing economic value, agronomical technical properties, and health and sanitary effects. Therefore, a faster tissue culture production protocol which may ensure a fast einkorn production is desired. The tissue culture process first requires an efficient sterilization technique of the explant to eliminate contamination factors in this hulled species. In this study, we, thus, aimed to determine the effective einkorn sterilization process for the removal of contaminating microorganisms without the loss of germination capacity and viability. We tested 22 following sterilant combinations with different concentration and exposure time: Ethanol, Commercial Bleach, Tween 20, Mercury (II) Chloride, and Sterile Distilled Water. On the other hand, obtained the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, where p?0.05 was accepted significant. Forty percent commercial bleach which were applied fifteen minutes eliminated all microorganisms with a 92.6% seed germination. The second-best technique was one minute exposure of 70% ethanol which were followed by 10 minutes exposure of 20% commercial bleach. This assured up to 89% germination and no contamination. The worst results came from the mercury (II) chloride with 0% contamination and ? 25% germination rate. Mercury (II) Chloride was both highly toxic on the seeds and reduced the contamination. Commercial Bleach and Ethanol Chemicals were less toxic while providing an acceptable sterilization
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    Einkorn wheat (Triticum Monococcum ssp. Monococcum) tolerates cold stress better than bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) during germination
    (2016) Aslan, Didem; Ordu, Bülent; Zencirci, Nusret
    Twelve bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and ten einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum L.) populations were investigated for germination rate (GR-%), germination power (GP-%), coleoptile length (CL-cm), shoot length (SL-cm), root length (RL-cm), shoot/root length ratio (SRLR), root fresh weight (RFW-mg), root dry weight (RDW-mg), and root fresh /dry weight ratio (RFDWR) under seven different cold stress levels in a three replicate randomized complete block design with factorial restriction. Experimental materials, which were utilized in this research, showed significantly different responses under seven cold levels. From them, 20 bread wheat genotypes demonstrated higher significance for GR, RL, and RDW; significance for CL and SL; and non-significance for GP, SRLR, and RFW. Pearson linear correlation coefficients calculated were highly significant between RL-SL, RL-RFW, and RDW-RFW but not between GR-RFDWR, GP-RFDWR, CL-RFDWR, SL-RFDWR, RL-RFDWR, SRLR-RFDWR, RFW-RFDWR, and RDWRFDWR. Similarly, Spearman correlation coefficients were highly positive between GR-GP, GR-CL, GR-SL, GR-RL, GR-RFW, GR-RDW, GP-CL, GP-SL, GP-RL, GP-RFW, GP-RDW, CL-SL, CL-RL, CL-SLRLR, CLRFW, CL-RDW, SL-RL, SL-SLRLR, SL-FW, SL-RFDWR, RL-SRLR, RL-RFW, RL-RDW, SRLR-RFW, SRLRRDW, and SRLR-RFDWR. On the other hand, PCs were not significant for SL (0.156), RL (0.156), and RDW (0.156) in PC 1; significant in PC2 for RFDWR (0.99); and significant in PC3 for GR (-0.342). Cumulative variance of first three PCs was 87.58% and the average dendogram for both bread and einkorn wheat entries produced two main groups. As a result, einkorn wheat populations from higher elevations seemed to provide good genetic resources for cold tolerance during germination stages. It is obvious that these characters easily can be used in any wheat breeding programs against cold stress.
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    Emmer (triticum dicoccon) production and market potential in marginal mountainous areas of Turkey
    (Mountain Research & Development, 2009) Giuliani, Alessandra; Karagöz, Alptekin; Zencirci, Nusret
    Underutilized plant species play a fundamental role in the livelihoods of poor communities living in harsh environments such as mountain areas, although they only have a small share in production and trade. Emmer (Triticum dicoccon) is a typical example of an underutilized species suitable for development in mountain areas; it is important for food security and cultural value and has a very limited market share. This paper investigates the state of the market for emmer in mountainous areas in Turkey, where it is still produced. As is the case for many underutilized species, emmer is disappearing due to low yield compared to modern cereal varieties. Emmer is still grown in Turkey's mountains because of its hardiness and place in local food traditions; however, its competitiveness and persistence may be at risk because of changes in taste and the increased impact of global and regional We examine the role of emmer production on mountain community livelihoods in Turkey and review potential market opportunities that may enhance the competitiveness of this underutilized crop, as happened, for example, in Italy. We surveyed market chain actors in Kastamonu and Sinop provinces in the Black Sea region, where few other crops are profitable because of poor soils. In Sinop province, emmer is less used and not marketed; in Kastamonu province, it is marketed and appreciated in local food traditions. Difficulties in processing, limited marketing, and lack of consumer demand are key factors in the decline of emmer cultivation. Despite emmer's adaptability to poor soils and its low input requirements, lack of market opportunities is a key factor restraining its revival and maintenance. However, there is a new market potential associated with emmer's nutritional and health properties; with growing appreciation by niche consumers, opportunities to maintain this valuable species are emerging.
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    Ethnomycology of macrofungi in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey: identification to marketing
    (Springer, 2016) Yılmaz, Hande; Zencirci, Nusret
    Edible natural or cultivated macrofungi (mushrooms) are economically significant in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Although they have considerable direct and indirect economic, social, and cultural value, these are to date poorly explored. In this study, edible macrofungi were investigated for their ethnomycological standing from identification to marketing. The method was face-to-face data collection with a semi-structured questionnaire, applied in 6 provinces (Bolu, Duzce, Karabuk, Zonguldak, BartA n, and Kastamonu): 6 provincial centers, 17 counties, and 120 villages from April 2012 to December 2013. Seventy different local markets were visited particularly during mushroom gathering seasons. Four hundred and seventy-five responses from the forest villages provided results identifying the gender, identification of mushrooms, use, and marketing. Thirty-three species in 14 families were used for food (55.4 %), income (43.8 %), or medicine (0.8 %). These were Russulaceae (7), Morchellaceae (5), Agaricaceae (4), Cantharellaceae (3), Tricholomataceae (3), Boletaceae (2), Gomphaceae (2), Amanitaceae (1), Gomphidiaceae (1), Hericiaceae (1), Hydnaceae (1), Lyophyllaceae (1), Marasmiaceae (1), and Pleurotaceae (1). In addition, 169 different Turkish folk names were registered and five marketing channels were identified: three for cultivated mushrooms and two for wild mushrooms. Morels (Kuzu gobegi) were the most expensive among all harvested macrofungi species while Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray and L. salmonicolor R. Heim & Leclair (KanlA +/- ca) were the most affordable. The Black Sea region in Turkey, which is very rich in mushroom genetic resources, deserves more intensive ethnomycological study.
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    Evaluation of bread and einkorn wheat under in vitro drought stress
    (Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2017) Aslan, Didem; Aktaş, Hüsnü; Ordu, Bülent; Zencirci, Nusret
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the resistance of bread and einkorn wheat genotypes under in vitro conditions against drought stress during germination. Twelve bread and ten einkorn wheat genotypes were used as plant material and seven drought stress levels were applied based on a three-replicate factorial restricted randomized block design in order to investigate their effects on germination rate (GR), germinating power (GP), coleoptile length (CL), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot root length ratio (SRLR), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), and root fresh dry weight ratio (RFDWR) during the year 2014-2015. PEG - 6000 was used to evaluate the effect of drought stress under in vitro conditions on the wheat genotypes. The values of all traits were decreased by the increased effect of PEG levels (p = 0.05). The results of the variance analysis showed that the genotypes had significant statistical differences for the examined traits under drought stress (p < 0.05). According to the results of the GGE biplot analysis, of the total variation between the genotypes and traits investigated under drought stress (75.97%), PC1and PC2 represented 51.51% and 24.47%, respectively. In addition, einkorn wheat populations were located in the sector of GR, GP, and SRL, which means that these populations had a greater performance for these traits under drought stress conditions. Bread wheat and einkorn genotypes behaved differently for the traits under drought stress. It is considered that the results of the field and in vivo experiments for cold and drought stress will contribute to producing reliable suggestions.
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    Field resistance of wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) genotypes from different countries to Leaf Rust (Puccinia Triticina)
    (2008) Akın, Bayhan; Zencirci, Nusret; Özseven, İzzet
    Puccinia triticina causes leaf rust in wheat and results in severe yield losses in mild wheat growing areas of Turkey: Thrace, Marmara, Mediterranean, and Çukurova. A feasible way to avoid any damage is to grow slow rusting cultivars. We evaluated 94 wheat genotypes from different countries and 39 leaf rust differentials for their reactions to leaf rust field epidemics. Slow rusting, though, requires both the prediction of Lr genes in the greenhouse and an effective screening of genotypes against the leaf rust field epidemics; the evaluation at the sites regularly favoring leaf rust epidemics like Adapazarı is also possible. Various resistance genes, excluding Lr13, Lr14a, Lr14b, Lr11, Lr30, and Lr32, were still effective and many genotypes, excluding 16, 19, 49, 53, 74, 56, 61, 68, 46, 71, 5, 47, and 48, had various levels of resistance indicated by lower AUDPC%. Utilizing leaf rust effective genes in wheat breeding programs and growing resistant cultivars on a large scale would most likely decrease leaf rust related yield and quality losses.