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    Antibacterial activities of extracts from some Turkish endemic plants on common fish pathogens
    (2009) Türker, Hakan; Yıldırım, Birinci Arzu; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Köylüoğlu, Hilal
    Antibacterial activities of 24 alcoholic and aqueous extracts from 8 endemic Turkish plants (Crocus abantensis, Crocus ancyrensis, Galanthus plicatus subsp. byzantinus, Paronychia chionaea, Astragalus gymnolobus, Trifolium pannonicum subsp.elongatum, Eryngium bithynicum, and Convolvulus galaticus) of 7 different families were screened. Antibacterial activity was carried out with 5 different fish pathogens (Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, Streptococcus agalactia, Lactococcus garvieae, and Enterococcus faecalis). Crude extracts of endemic plant extracts were applied against the bacteria using the disc diffusion method under in vitro conditions. A. hydrophila was the only inhibited bacteria from all alcoholic and aqueous extracts of C. ancyrensis, G. plicatus, T. pannonicum, P. chionaea, and A. gymnolobus. The alcoholic extracts of T. pannonicum among all of the plant extracts showed a broad antibacterial spectrum against A. hydrophila, Y. ruckeri, S. agalactia, and L. garvieae except E. faecalis. Among the studied endemic plants, T. pannonicum is a promising source for natural compounds having antimicrobial activity on fish pathogens.
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    The antibacterial and antifungal effects of Rhododendron derived Mad Honey and extracts of Four Rhododendron species
    (2009) Ertürk, Ömer; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Pehlivan, Derya; Nas, Nurşah
    The antibacterial and antifungal activities of mad honey and the crude extracts (leaves and flowers) of Rhododendron ponticum L. subsp. ponticum, Rhododendron luteum L., Rhododendron smirnovii L., and Rhododendron caucasicum L. (Ericaceae) were investigated. A total of 17 microbial organisms belonging to 16 species of bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus salivarius, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus licheniformis, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans were studied using a disk-diffusion and agar dilution (minimal inhibition concentration) method. The antimicrobial activity of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the mad honey and the crude extracts obtained from the 4 Rhododendron spp. turned out to be more effective in the case of bacteria than against fungus. The antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria was more pronounced than against gram-negative ones. Each of the crude extracts of the Rhododendron spp. and mad honey exhibited more or less pronounced antibacterial and antifungal potencies in the case of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungus. In particular, the crude samples of Rhododendron caucasicum flowers (RCF), Rhododendron ponticum leaves (RPL) and Rhododendron ponticum flowers (RPF), and Rhododendron smirnovii leaves (RSL) showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against the tested organisms. The crude RCF sample required an MIC of ≥ 0.5 mg/ml for S. enteritis, B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and S. mutans and of ≥ 2 mg/ml for C. albicans.
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    Antibacterial and antitumor activities of some wild fruits grown in Turkey
    (Diagnosis Press Ltd, 2012) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan
    Two different bioassays (antibacterial and antitumor) were performed to show the biological activities of eight different wild fruits [Viburnum opulus L. (guelder rose), Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaring tree), Corn us mas L. (cornelian cherry), Pyracantha coccinea Roemer (firethorn), Rubus caesius L. (dewberry), Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers (tansy-leaved thorn), Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (hawthorn) and Rosa canina L. (dog rose)] grown in Turkey. For each fruit, 8 different extracts (aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from hot and cold treatments of fresh and dried fruits) were obtained and a total cl 64 extracts were evaluated. The disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer Method) was used to screen for antibacterial activity. Among the tested fruits, best antibacterial activity was obtained with fresh fruits of wayfaring tree, firethorn and hawthorn. Hot ethanol extracts of these fruits showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. Antitumor activity was evaluated with potato disc tumor induction assay Best antitumor activity was obtained with cold water extract of fresh fruits of R. caesius (100% inhibition). Cold or hot ethanol extracts of fresh V. lantana fruits (90.5% and 95.2%, respectively), cold water extract of fresh C. monogyna fruits (85.7%) and hot ethanol extracts of fresh C. tanacetifolia fruits (71.4%) also exhibited strong tumor inhibition.
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    Antiproliferative activity of some medicinal plants on human breast and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and their phenolic contents
    (Pharmacotherapy Group, 2015) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Bayram, Recep; Yavuz, Muhsine Z.; Gepdiremen, Akçahan; Türker, Arzu Uçar
    Purpose: To determine the phenolic composition and antiproliferative activity of 16 different extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water) obtained from Bellis perennis, Convolvulus galaticus, Trifolium pannonicum and Lysimachia vulgaris on human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) cell lines. Methods: The aerial parts of the plants were successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water using a Soxhlet apparatus. The phenolic content of the plants were determined by plants by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while their antiproliferative activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole (MTT) assay. Results: Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract of B. perennis showed the best antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cell line with IC50 (inhibiting 50 % of cell growth) value of 71.6 mu g/mL. Furthermore, the dichloromethane extract of C. galaticus showed the best anti-proliferative activity against HepG2/C3A cell line with IC50 of 57.3 mu g/mL. The HPLC data for the plant extracts showed the presence of the following phenolic compounds: gallic acid monohydrate, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, luteolin-7-O-beta-D glucoside, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and apigenin. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that there is some justification for the use of B. perennis and C. galaticus as traditional anticancer medicinal herbs.
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    Antitumor and antibacterial activities of some fruits
    (Georg Thieme Verlag Kg, 2009) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan
    Two different bioassays (antibacterial and antitumor) were performed to show the biological activities of eight different wild fruits [Viburnum opulus L. (guelder rose), Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaring tree), Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), Pyracantha coccinea Roemer (firethorn), Rubus caesius L. (dewberry), Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers (tansy-leaved thorn), Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (hawthorn) and Rosa canina L. (dog rose)] grown in Turkey. For each fruit, 8 different extracts (aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from hot and cold treatments offresh and dried fruits) were obtained and a total of 64 extracts were evaluated. The disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer Method) was used to screen for antibacterial activity. Among the tested fruits, best antibacterial activity was obtained with fresh fruits of wayfaring tree, firethorn and hawthorn. Hot ethanol extracts of these fruits showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. Antitumor activity was evaluated with potato disc tumor induction assay. Best antitumor activity was obtained with cold water extract offresh fruits of R. caesius (100% inhibition). Cold or hot ethanol extracts of fresh V. lantana fruits (90.5% and 95.2%, respectively), cold water extract of fresh C. monogyna fruits (85.7%) and hot ethanol extracts of fresh C. tanacetifolia fruits (71.4%) also exhibited strong tumor inhibition.
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    Biological screening of various medicinal plant extracts for antibacterial and antitumor activities
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2012) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Yıldırım, Arzu; Türker, Arzu
    Bioassays of 2 types (antibacterial and antitumor) were performed to show the biological activities of 16 different plants grown in Bolu, Turkey: Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare L., Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Frey & Bornm.) Bornm., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Mentha pulegium L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Desr., Melilotus alba Desr., Medicago lupulina L., Galega officinalis L., Xeranthemum annuum L., Cichorium intybus L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. subsp. major, Fumaria officinalis L., Galium palustre L., Echium vulgare L., and Sambucus nigra L. For each plant, 3 different extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and methanol) were obtained, and a total of 48 extracts were evaluated. Antibacterial activity was evaluated with 10 bacteria, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae by disk diffusion method. All plants except M. alba, M. lupulina, X. annuum, G. palustre, and S. nigra showed inhibitory activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The best inhibitory activity was observed with aqueous extract of M. officinalis (22.5 mm); it performed better than all positive controls (erythromycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol; 7-20 mm) against P. aeruginosa. Antitumor activity was evaluated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced potato disk tumor assay. The best antitumor activity was obtained with the methanolic extract of M. alba and aqueous extract of F. officinalis (100% tumor inhibition).
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    Cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different extracts of Galega officinalis L (goat's rue)
    (Pharmacotherapy Group, 2016) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Türker, Arzu Uçar; Karakaş, Alper; Mshvildadze, Vakhtang
    Purpose: To evaluate the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different solvent extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Galega officinalis L. Methods: The hexane, DCM, methanol and water extracts of G. officinalis were successively obtained by soxhlet extraction method. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was assessed against human lung carcinoma (A-549), human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), human brain glioblastoma (U-87), and colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) by Resazurine test. The antioxidant activity of extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau, oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), and 2'.7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA) cell-based assay while their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by nitric oxide (NO) assay. Results: DCM extract showed strong cytotoxic activity against lung adenocarcinoma and brain glioblastoma cell lines, with IC50 (concentration inhibiting 50 % of cell growth) values of 11 +/- 0.4 and 16 +/- 3 mu g/mL, respectively. The hexane extract showed moderate anticancer activity against the same cell lines (59 +/- 13 and 63 +/- 16 mu g/mL, respectively). DCM extract also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting NO release by 86.7 % at 40 mu g/mL in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Of all test extracts, the methanol extract of G. officinalis showed the highest antioxidant activity with 2.33 +/- 0.09 mu mol Trolox/mg, 7.10 +/- 0.9 g tannic acid equivalent (TAE), and IC50 of 44 +/- 4 mu g/mL. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that DCM extract may possess anticancer effect against lung adenocarcinoma and brain glioblastoma, as well as serve as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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    The development of clonal propagation and determination of phenolic profiles of in vitro-raised and field-raised leaves of Astragalus brachypterus Fischer (milkvetch) by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis
    (Springer, 2021) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Türker, Arzu Uçar
    Astragalus brachypterus Fischer (milkvetch) is a perennial medicinal plant in the family Fabaceae. Astragalus species have been utilized as antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anti-diabetic, and diuretic for centuries in folk medicine. Objectives of this study were to determine an in vitro regeneration system for A. brachypterus and then to compare phenolic constituents of in vitro-raised and naturally raised leaves. Various plant explants (leaf, petiole, stem, and node) were taken from sterile seedlings that were obtained from germinated seeds. The explants were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different cytokinins (benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), and thidiazuron (TDZ)), auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D)), and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at various concentrations. Regeneration was obtained only with explants containing preexisting meristem (node). The highest mean number (29.16 +/- 4.91) and frequency of shoot proliferation (100%) were obtained with nodal explants on MS medium containing 3.0 mg L-1 BA, 1.0 mg L-1 IAA, and 0.5 mg L-1 GA(3) (P <= 0.05). Regenerated shoots were transferred to rooting medium and root formation was only observed with 1.0 mg L-1 IAA after 6 wk. At the second stage of the study, methanolic extracts of in vitro-raised and field-raised leaves of A. brachypterus were analyzed by using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization multistage tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Although naturally raised leaves contained higher amount of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, isorhamnetin, myricetin, quercetin, rutin hydrate, and vanillic acid, in vitro-raised leaves had higher amount of luteolin and apigenin. It was observed that A. brachypterus leaves were remarkable source of rutin hydrate. This study provides highly efficient method for the conservation of germplasm and mass multiplication of A. brachypterus, and helps to reveal the quality of in vitro-grown plants in terms of phenolic content production for biotechnological and commercial purposes.
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    Development of in vitro culture protocol and evaluation of biological activities of Bellis perennis L. (Common Daisy), a medicinal plant
    (Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2012) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Türker, Arzu Uçar
    Bellis perennis L. (çayır papatyası) Asteraceae familyasına ait olan tıbbi bir bitkidir. Halk arasında soğuk algınlığı, yaralar, romatizma ve iltihapların tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Çayır papatyası için oldukça etkili ve hızlı rejenerasyon sistemi geliştirilmiştir. Doğada yetişen bitkiler ile in vitro yetiştirilen bitkiciklerin rejenerasyon kapasiteleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Eksplant kaynağı olarak, doğada yetişen bitkiler kullanıldığında, rejenerasyon yeteneklerinin in vitro yetiştirilen bitkiciklerden daha başarılı olduğu görülmüştür. Doğada yetişen bitki eksplantları (pedisel, yaprak ve kök) ile in vitro yetiştirilen bitkicik eksplantları (petiyol, yaprak ve kök), çeşitli bitki büyüme düzenleyici kombinasyonlarını içeren MSMO ortamında kültüre alınmışlardır. En iyi sürgün gelişimi, pedisel eksplantlarından, 0.5 mg/l TDZ ve 0.5 mg/l IAA içeren ortamda elde edilmiştir. Rejenere olmuş sürgünler, IAA, IBA, 2,4-D ve NAA' nın farklı konsantrasyonlarını içeren MSMO ortamında köklendirilmiştir. Köklendirme için en etkili oksinin IAA (1.0 mg/l) olduğu tespitedilmiştir. Ayrıca, rejenere olmuş bitkilerin çiçeklendiği de görülmüştür. B. perennis'in kimyasal kompozisyonu GC-MS, TLC ve LC-MS/MS metodları ile belirlenmiştir. Çayır papatyası özütlerinin, antibakteriyel, antitümör, toksisite, antikanser, antiinflamatuar ve antioksidant [radikal süpürücü aktivite (DPPH), toplam fenol içeriği, toplam flavonoid içeriği, oksijen radikali yakalama kapasitesi (ORAC) ve hücre temelli (DCFH-DA) testler] gibi biyolojik aktiviteleri, çeşitli biyolojik testler kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çiçeğin metanol ve etil asetat özütleri, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis ve Enterobacter cloacea'ya karşı geniş spektrumlu antibakteriyel etki göstermişlerdir. Bütün test edilen çiçek özütleri, patates dokusunda Agrobacterium tumefaciens tarafından oluşturulan tümörleri inhibe etmiştir. Brine shrimp biyolojik testinin sonuçları, çayır papatyası çiçek özütlerinin yüksek dozlarda toksik olduğunu göstermiştir. Çayır papatyası özütlerinin antikanser aktivitesi insan akciğer kanseri (A-549), kolon kanseri (DLD-1) ve meme kanseri (MCF-7) hücre dizilerinde değerlendirilmiştir. Seçilmiş kanser dizileri üzerinde en iyi antikanser aktiviteyi in vitro yetiştirilmiş yaprak özütleri göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, çiçeğin n-butanol ve etil asetat fraksiyonlarının da yüksek potansiyelde antikanser aktiviteye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Çiçeğin metanol özütünün, RAW 264.7 makrofajları üzerinde güçlü antiinflamatuar aktiviteye sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir. Çiçeğin etil asetat fraksiyonunun, oksijen radikalini yakalama kapasitesi ve toplam fenolik içeriği bakımından, yüksek antioksidant aktiviteye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu tezin sonuçları, B. perennis'in fitoterapi, ilaç ve gıda endüstrisinde kullanılmak üzere büyük bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.Keywords: Bellis perennis, common daisy, in vitro culture, extraction methods, GCMS, TLC, LC-MS/MS, bioassay, antibacterial, antitumor, toxicity, anticancer, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant.
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    Diversity exists in development parameters and enhancement of antioxidant mechanisms of some einkorn and bread wheats under combined water deficits and salt stress
    (Mattioli 1885, 2017) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Bozat, Bihter Gökçe; Aslan, Didem; Zencirci, Nusret
    Introduction. Climatic changes worsen the production of wheat, an important stable crop while improving its some nutritional quality characteristics. Methods. Therefore, the purpose here was to evaluate some yield limiting factors as well as some quality characteristics in 8 bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Kirac - 66, Kenanbey, Flamura - 85, Momtchill, Bayraktar - 2000, Tosunbey, Pandas, and Pehlivan) and 8 einkorn (Triticum monococcum spp. monococcum) populations (Populations - 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, and 15) under three different osmotic pressures (0.0 MPa., -0.5 MPa., or -1.0 MPa.) and three different salt concentrations [0.0 (distilled water), 50 mM or 100 mM NaCl]. Moreover, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities were determined. Results. Among bread wheat cultivars, Pandas had the longest shoot length, root length, the heaviest fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, and fresh root weight in the control group. In the einkorn populations, Pop - 6 had the longest shoot length, root length, the heaviest fresh shoot weight, dry shoot weight, and fresh root weight again in the control group. The heaviest dry root weight was obtained in Momtchill and Pop - 9 under drought stresses. The TPC was the highest in Kirac - 66 and in Pop - 10 under salt stress and the TFC was in Pehlivan under salt stress. The methanol extracts of Kirac - 66, Pop - 9, and Pop - 15 obtained under salt stress had stronger free radical scavenging activity than by ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Kirac - 66 had the highest free radical scavenging antioxidant activity under salt stress and higher secondary metabolite products (as flavonoids), which indicated the highest tolerance system under both drought and salt stress. Kirac - 66, which was improved for poorer, drier, and cooler lands had better root and metabolite production under combined drought and salt stress as expected.
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    The effect of intra-amygdalar leptin administration on anxiety, depression and learning behaviors in rats
    (Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, 2021) Soytürk, Hayriye; Bozat, Bihter Gökçe; Coşkun, Hamit; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan
    Leptin is released by adipose tissue. Leptin can cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to receptors on neurons in brain areas to exert its biological function when released into circulation. This study aimed to determine the influences of intra-amygdalar administration of high and low doses of leptin on anxiety, depression, learning behaviors of rats. In the experimental protocol I, intra-amygdalar injection of high and low doses of leptin (0.1 and 1?g/ kg) and saline were administered 30 min before the behavioral tests. Then, the animals were exposed to open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt and Morris water maze tests for measuring of behaviors. In experimental protocol 2, the cerebrospinal fluids of all groups of experimental protocol 1 were collected by microdialysis method and then were analyzed by HPLC. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on the open field. The effect of the high and low dose of leptin was significant on the elevated plus maze test. The effect of the low dose of leptin was significant on mobility in the center of the Porsolt. A high dose of leptin group had spent less time around the platform than controls in the Morris water maze test. HPLC analysis showed that the amount of serotonin and glutamate in the amygdala region increased after low dose leptin administration. Intra-amygdalar injection of low doses of leptin may decrease anxiety and depression-like behavior in rats by increasing serotonin and glutamate levels in the amygdala. © 2021 Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi. All rights reserved.
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    Effects of common daisy (Bellis perennis L.) aqueous extracts on anxiety-like behaviour and spatial memory performance in Wistar albino rats
    (Academic Journals, 2011) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Karakaş, A.; Coşkun, Hamit; Türker, Arzu Uçar
    The effects of aqueous extract of flowers from Bellis perennis on anxiety-like behavior and memory in Wistar rats were tested. Vehicle 20 and 60 mg kg(-1) B. perennis groups were performed and the animals were tested by open field and elevated plus maze tests for anxiety-like behaviour and Morris water maze test for spatial memory. In the open field, the high dose of B. perennis administrated rats spent more time at the center, showed less mobility and velocity. In the elevated plus maze, the high dose of B. perennis administrated rats spent more time in the open arms, spent less time in the closed arms, were less mobile, were slower and rotated less frequently. In the Morris water maze, the high dose of B. perennis administrated rats spent more of the time to find the platform. In conclusion, B. perennis may produce biphasic effects on both anxiety-like behaviour and learning performance of the rats.
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    The effects of leptin administration to amygdala region on anxiety, depression and learning behaviors: change in seretonine and glutamate levels
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Orallar, Hayriye; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Bozat, Bihter Gökçe; Coşkun, Hamit
    AIM: Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue and involved in modulation of food intake. In addition to these functions, it plays a role in various physiological events such as anxiety, depression and learning. The aim of this study was the investigation of effects of leptin administration to amygdala on anxiety, depression and learning behaviors. In addition, changing of serotonin and glutamate neurotransmitter levels interaction between behavior. METHODS: Presentstudy used Wistar albino rats. Animals were separated 3 groupssuch aslow dose (0.1µg/kg) and high dose (1µg/kg) leptin and saline (control) intraamigdalar administration group. In thisstudy, we planned two procedures. Firstly, a special cannula was implanted into amygdala region of rats and leptin and saline were injected in thisregion by infusion pump. After leptin injections, behavioral tests were performed. In the second study, the extracellular fluid was collected by microdialysis from the amygdale region.The levels of serotonin and glutamate were measured by HPLC. RESULTS: The first experiment demonstrated that in the open field, low dose leptin administrated rats spent more time at the center (F(2,57)= 3.97 p=0.02), showed more zone transition than control ones (F(2,57)= 3.22 p=0.04). In the elevated plus maze, high and low doses leptin administrated rats spent more time in the open arms(F(2,55)= 6.77 p=0.002) and also high dose leptin injected rats showed more frequency of entering open arms (F(2,55)= 9.97 p=0.001). In Porsolt test, low dose leptin administrated ratsshowed high mobility in center than sham group (F(2,55)= 4.30 p=0.02). In the Morris water maze, low dose leptin administrated rats spent more time over the platform (F(2,45)= 3.50 p=0.04). The second experiment demonstrated that serotonin and glutamate levels increased in the first hour after the leptin injections (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Present study suggests that both high and low leptin administration to rat brain playsa role as anxiolytic and antidepression agents in rats
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    The effects of lycium barbarum l. polysaccharides on learning behaviors of young ovariectomized female rats
    (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016) Bozat, Bihter Gökçe; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Orallar, Hayriye; Coşkun, Hamit
    AIM: Lycium barbarum Linnaeus is also known as goji berry, wolfberry or super fruit. The red-orange and sweet fruits of goji berryhave been used in herbal medicine and health food for the thousand years. L. barbarum fruits have polysaccharides which have many beneficial effects for human such as ocular neuroprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulator, hepatic pretection and antitumor effects. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effects of the L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on learning behavior in ovariectomized young female rats(two months age) using the Morris water maze test. METHODS: Two weeks after ovariectomy applications, rats were divided into five groups: control (distile water 3 mL/kg, gavage, per day), low dose LBP (20 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, gavage, per day), high dose LBP (200 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, gavage, per day), estrogen (1 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, gavage, per day) and donepezil (1 mg/kg, 3 mL/kg, gavage, per day) and two subgroup within the each group: sham (pseudo ovariectomized rat) and overiectomized groups. After all treatments were applied for thirty consecutive days, behavioral test was applied. Blood serum samples of all rats were collected and levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPX, MDA and E2) of the samples were detected by ELISA method. All animals weights were measured weekly. RESULTS: The findings of the present experiment demonstrated that platform finding time and travelled distance of the LBP administred ovariectomized groups were less than estrogen and donepezil administred groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, LBP enhances the learning performance and antioxidant enzyme activity of ovariectomized female rats.
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    The effects of nutrient and macronutrient stress on certain secondary metabolite accumulations and redox regulation in callus cultures of Bellis Perennis L.
    (2016) Cingöz, Günce; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan
    The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrient and macronutrient stress on complex variations in the phenolic profile and antioxidant status of Bellis perennis L. callus cultures. To obtain stress conditions, callus cultures were grown under insufficient nutrient conditions (different strengths of MS medium) or under conditions of limiting calcium (-Ca), magnesium (-Mg), or both (-Ca & -Mg). Phenolic content of callus cultures obtained from different stress treatments was detected quantitatively by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. The major compound was chlorogenic acid in all treatments. The accumulation of hesperidin, rutin hydrate, and chlorogenic acid was significantly induced by MS/2 while the highest quantity of caffeic acid was found in the MS/4 treatment. Nutrient and macronutrient stress resulted in a considerable increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), as well as in the content of proline, total phenolics, and flavonoids. The maximum increase of all antioxidants was obtained when calli were cultured on MS/2 medium. Our results revealed that different stress factors resulted in a complex variations in the phenolic profile with the induced antioxidant system, which could be associated with increased stress protection.
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    The effects of oxidative stress on phenolic composition and antioxidant metabolism in callus culture of common daisy
    (African Networks Ethnomedicines, 2016) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Cingöz, Günce Şahin; Türker, Arzu Uçar
    Background: Exogenous pretreatment of oxidative stress on callus cultures of Bellis perennis L. (common daisy) induced catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total phenolic, total flavonoid, total protein and selected commercial phenolic compounds production and accumulation. Materials and Methods: The callus culture obtained from B. perennis pedicel explants was incubated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) containing 10 mM H2O2 or 0 mM H2O2 (for control group) for 10 hours. Twenty phenolic compounds (apigenin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, genistein, kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, procyanidin-C1, quercetin, rutin hydrate, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, hesperedin, naringenin, rosmarinic acid and isorhamnetin) were detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis in methanolic extracts of 10 mM H2O2 and control treatments. Results: A predominant phenolic compound was chlorogenic acid followed by rutin hydrate, caffeic acid, luteoline, isorhamnetin, quercetin, myricetin, apigenin, p-coumaric acid and kaempferol. No gallic acid, genistein, procyanidin-C1, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, hesperidin and naringenin were detected in H2O2 treatment and control groups of B. perennis. The total phenolic contents estimated were in the order of H2O2 treatment (285.36 mu g/g dw) and control (220.79 mu g/g dw) groups. The biosynthesis and accumulation of kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were only determined in H2O2 treatment callus materials. The H2O2 pretreatment clearly showed in a raise in enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Finally, a significant positive correlation between phenolic accumulation and comprehensive activities of CAT, SOD, total phenolic, total flavonoid and proline was accessible. Conclusion: The present results suggest that using H2O2 as an elicitor or a stimulant plays a significant enhancement role in special phenolic molecules biosynthesis and activation of antioxidant metabolism on callus cultures of B. perennis.
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    Efficient in vitro regeneration of common daisy, amedicinal plant
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2012) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Türker, Arzu Uçar
    Bellis perennis L. (common daisy) is a medicinal plant that has been used to treat common cold, wounds, stomachache, eye diseases, eczema, gastritis, cancer, diarrhea, rheumatism, inflammation and infections of the upper respiratory tract. A highly efficient and rapid regeneration system via multiple shoot formation was devel- oped for common daisy. Explants (leaf, pedicel, petiole and root segments) excised from sterile field-grown plants were cultured on medium supplemented with different concentrations and combi- nations of various plant growth regulators. The pedicel explants formed more shoots than other explants.
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    An efficient in vitro regeneration system for Bellis perennis L. and comparison of phenolic contents of field-grown and in vitro-grown leaves by LC-MS/MS
    (Elsevier, 2013) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Türker, Arzu Uçar
    Bellis perennis L. (common daisy) is a medicinal plant in the family Asteraceae. It has been used in the treatment of common cold, wounds, rheumatism and inflammation in traditional medicine. A highly efficient and rapid regeneration system was developed for common daisy for the first time. Field-grown plants and in vitro-grown plantlets were compared in terms of their regeneration capacity. The field-grown plants were found to be much more responsive than the in vitro-grown plantlets when used as explant source. Leaf, pedicel and root explants obtained from field-grown plants, and leaf, petiole and root explants obtained from in vitro-grown plantlets were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's minimal organics medium (MSMO) with various plant growth regulator combinations. The best shoot proliferation was obtained with pedicel explants on media containing 0.5 mg l(-1) thidiazuron (TDZ) and 0.5 mg l(-1) indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Plant regeneration was observed trough indirect organogenesis. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MSMO medium containing different concentrations of IAA, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). IAA (1.0 mg l(-1)) was determined as the most effective auxin for rooting. Rooted explants were transferred to vermiculite in Magenta containers for acclimatization period. After 2 weeks, they were planted in to plastic pots containing potting soil and maintained in the plant growth room. Approximately 3 months after the transfer to room conditions, the flowering of the regenerated plants could be observed. Quantification of the chosen phenolics in dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of field-grown leaves and in vitro-grown leaves was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Efficient plant regeneration and callus induction from nodal and hypocotyl explants of goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) and comparison of phenolic profiles in calli formed under different combinations of plant growth regulators
    (Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2020) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan
    Goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) is a fruit that has many beneficial effects (such as antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, antidepressant, and immunomodulatory) on human health because of several dietary constituents such as phenolics, vitamins, carotenoids, and polysaccharides. In order to develop in vitro culture protocols for callus induction and plant regeneration from different explants of Goji plants and to compare the phenolic composition in calli of different origin, various combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) were applied. Various types of explants (leaf, petiole, root, hypocotyl, and node) were cultured on MS medium containing 28 different concentrations and combinations of PGRs [thidiazuron (TDZ) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), TDZ and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), benzyl adenine (BA) and NAA, alone TDZ, and alone BA]. The highest mean number of shoots (23.33 +/- 1.86) and percentage of shoot formation (100%) were obtained from nodal explants on medium containing 0.5 mg/l BA alone. The highest mean callus diameter was obtained from hypocotyl explants on medium containing 0.25 mg/l TDZ and 0.1 mg/l IAA (21.40 +/- 0.71 mm). The amounts of selected phenolic substances were significantly different in the callus obtained from different PGRs or combinations, individually. The combination of BA/NAA significantly increased the production and accumulation of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid. The TDZ/IAA combination, TDZ alone, and TDZ/NAA combination significantly increased vanillic acid and rutin, gallic acid, and quercetin synthesis, respectively. These outcomes indicate that different PGRs lead to the production of different kinds of secondary metabolites and affect/accelerate accumulation in the callus of goji berry. The culture protocol described in this paper could be employed for the development of novel methods for the commercial production of goji secondary metabolites.
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    Einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) in vitro propagation sterilization protocol
    (2018) Örgeç, Mehmet; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Şahin, Günce; Ağıl, Ferdi; Zencirci, Nusret
    Einkorn is one of the oldest and important wheat species because of its increasing economic value, agronomical technical properties, and health and sanitary effects. Therefore, a faster tissue culture production protocol which may ensure a fast einkorn production is desired. The tissue culture process first requires an efficient sterilization technique of the explant to eliminate contamination factors in this hulled species. In this study, we, thus, aimed to determine the effective einkorn sterilization process for the removal of contaminating microorganisms without the loss of germination capacity and viability. We tested 22 following sterilant combinations with different concentration and exposure time: Ethanol, Commercial Bleach, Tween 20, Mercury (II) Chloride, and Sterile Distilled Water. On the other hand, obtained the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, where p?0.05 was accepted significant. Forty percent commercial bleach which were applied fifteen minutes eliminated all microorganisms with a 92.6% seed germination. The second-best technique was one minute exposure of 70% ethanol which were followed by 10 minutes exposure of 20% commercial bleach. This assured up to 89% germination and no contamination. The worst results came from the mercury (II) chloride with 0% contamination and ? 25% germination rate. Mercury (II) Chloride was both highly toxic on the seeds and reduced the contamination. Commercial Bleach and Ethanol Chemicals were less toxic while providing an acceptable sterilization