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Öğe Azadirachtin ve Spinosadın Bazı Yerel Entomoapatojen Nematod İzolatlarının Canlılığıve Virülensliği Üzerine Etkileri(2019) Yüksel, Ebubekir; Imren, Mustafa; Canhilal, RamazanEntomopatojen nematodlar (EPN), biyoloijk mücadele uygulamaları içerisinde çoğu zaman biyopestisitlerle birlikte kullanılmaktadır. Biyopestisitlerin EPN’lar üzerindeki toksik etkilerinin belirlenmesi, bu uygulamalardan istenilen başarının elde edilebilmesi için oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada yaygın birşekilde kullanılan Nimiks (40 g L-1 Azadirachtin) ve Laser (Spinosad 480 gL-1) biyopestisitlerinin bazı yerel EPN türlerinin (Steinernema feltiaeE-76, Heterorhabditis indica216-H, S. littoraleMGZ-4-S) hayatta kalma ve virülensliği üzerindeki etkileri 24 ve 48 saatlik periyotlarda son dönem Galleria mellonellalarvaları üzerinde laboratuvar koşullarında (25oC±2, R.H. %65±5) araştırılmıştır. Spinosad ve Azadirachtinin tavsiye edilen en yüksek uygulama dozlarına doğrudan maruz kalan EPN türleri içerisinde ilk 24 saatlik periyotta en tolerant türün %94 canlılık oranıyla H.indica216-H olduğu belirlenmiştir. Steinernema littoraleMGZ-4-S izolatının Azadirachtine 24 ve 48 saat periyotlarda sırasıyla %11 ve %12 ölüm oranlarıyla en çok duyarlılık gösteren tür olmuştur. Test edilen EPN türlerinin son dönem G. mellonellalarvaları üzerinde meydana getirdikleri ölüm oranları %80 ile %100 arasında değişmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, test edilen EPN türlerinin Spinosad ve Azadirachtin ile laboratuvar şartlarında uyumlu olduğunu göstermektedir.Öğe Determination of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Potato Growing Areas in Bolu Province(2018) Imren, MustafaPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important crops grown for food in theworld, but many potato-yield limiting biotic factors are present such as plant parasitic nematodes(PPN). This study was conducted to determine the nematodes associated with potato growing areasduring 2014-2016 growing seasons in Bolu province. Overall, Root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus spp.were the most common nematode genus occurring in potato production fields with an incidence ofover 52.5%. The Cyst nematode, Globodera spp. was found in 35% and Root knot nematode,Meloidogyne spp. was in 20% of the samples whereas potato cropping very frequently with low rotation,incidences of plant-parasitic nematodes were 62.5% of Ditylenchus spp., 50% Geocenamus spp., 40%for Helicotylenchus spp. or Rotylenchus spp., 30% for Paratylenchus and Amplimerlinus spp., 9% forPratylenchoides spp. and Tylenchorhynchus spp. The survey results suggested that the presence andthe abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes were found relatively high in potato growing areas in Boluand may have a potential to cause dramatic yield losses. The comprehensive surveys are indispensableto define the distribution, frequency as well as more accurate identification of plant parasiticnematodes species, particularly Globodera spp., Meloidogyne spp. and Pratylenchus spp. species inpotato growing areas of Bolu province.Öğe Determination of Resistance Levels of National Potato Cultivars and Clones Against Golden Cyst Nematode Pathotype Ro2/3 via Phenotypic and DNA Marker-Assisted Characterization(Springer, 2024) Avci, Gulten Kacar; Canhilal, Ramazan; Toktay, Halil; Imren, Mustafa; Unlenen, Levent; Pirlak, UgurPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of our important agricultural products, which is the main food source for people in T & uuml;rkiye, as well as all over the world. There are many diseases and pests that reduce productivity in potato plant production. Potato cyst nematodes (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) are pests that are on the quarantine list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization and cause serious yield losses. Since they are soil-borne pathogens and there is no effective chemical control, the most successful control method is to use resistant cultivars. The aim of the study was to determine the resistance levels of local and national potato cultivars and clones developed by the Nigde Potato Research Institute against the Globodera rostochiensis Ro2/3 pathotype using molecular marker analysis and biotesting methods. The biotest study was carried out by inoculating 7500 eggs and larvae of the Globedera rostochiensis pathotype Ro2/3 into pots. In the molecular marker analysis, resistance was investigated with TG689, 57R, Gro1-4 markers. While all cultivars and clones except Bettina were grouped as sensitive in the biotesting study, the H1 resistance gene was detected in Onaran, & Uuml;nlenen, Leventbey, Muratbey, Nahita, Agria, Madeleine, Desiree and Bettina cultivars by molecular marker analysis. H1 and Gro1-4 resistance genes were detected in the PAE 13-08-07, PAE 13-08-08 and PAE 13-08-14 clones used in the experiment. The results showed that clones developed by the Potato Research Institute exhibited highly resistant marker alleles for the Ro2/3 pathotype of G. rostochiensis. The results of phenotyping study and the molecular marker study were not similar.Öğe Düzce Ekolojik Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Lahana (Brassica oleracea) ve Kabak (Cucurbita pepo L.) Bitkilerinde Zararlı ve Faydalı Böcek Türlerinin Tespit Edilerek Önemli Türlerin Popülasyon Takibinin Yapılması(2018) Kütük, Halil; Imren, MustafaBatı Karadeniz Bölgesi?nde yer alan Düzce ilinde 2016-2017 yıllarında yürütülen bu çalışmada lahana ve kabak bitkilerinde zararlı ve yararlı böcek türlerinin tespit edilerek önemli türlerin popülasyon takibinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda karayaprak lahanası üzerinde potansiyel zararlı olarak görülen lahana beyazsineği, Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus)?nın yayılış alanları, konukçuları, doğadaki çıkış zamanları, popülasyon dalgalanması ve popülasyon dalgalanmasına etki eden doğal düşmanları ortaya konulmuştur. Kabak üzerinde zararlı olarak yalnızca Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) yaprakbiti türü, yararlı böceklerden ise Sphaeropharia scripta, Melanostoma mellinum, Metasyrphus corallae (Dip.: Syrphidae), Propylea quatuordecimpunctata, Scymnus rubromaculatus, Scymnus frontalis, Coccinella septempunctata ve Harmonia axyridis (Col.: Coccinellidae) türleri tespit edilmiştir. Karayaprak lahanası üzerinde ise Aleyrodes proletella (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Pieris brassicae, P. rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), Thrips tabaci, Thrips major (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera: Aphididae), Phyllotreta cruciferae, P. atra, P. variipennis, P. striolata and P. undulata (Col.: Chrysomelidae) zararlı türleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu zararlı türler arasında ise lahana beyazsineği, A. proletella?nın popülasyonlarının karayaprak lahanasında önemli düzeylere ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. A. proletella?nın doğal düşmanları olarak parazitoit Encarsia tricolor (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), predatörler ise Clitostethus arcuatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) ve Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada lahana beyazsineği, A. proletella ve parazitoiti E. tricolor?un moleküler yöntemler kullanılarak teşhisleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Lahana beyazsineği, A. proletella?nın Düzce ilinin tüm ilçelerinde yaygınlık gösterdiği belirlenmiş olup, Düzce ilinin bulaşıklık oranı %84,3?tür. İlçeler bazında ise en yüksek bulaşıklık oranına göre Akçakoca (%97,8), Yığılca (93,3), Gümüşova (%88,9), Kaynaşlı (%84,4), Cumayeri (%82,2), Gölyaka (%80), Çilimli (%75,6) ve Merkez (%75) şeklinde sıralandığı tespit edilmiştir. Yabancı otlardan Asteraceae familyasına bağlı tavşan salatası, şebrek ve meme otu gibi isimlerle bilinen Lapsana communis L. subsp. intermedia (Bieb.) Hayek?in A. proletella?nın konukçusu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Lahana beyazsineğinin kış aylarında göstermiş olduğu popülasyon seyrine bakılarak kışlamış erginlerin hava sıcaklığına bağlı olarak Mart ayından itibaren yumurta bırakmaya başladığı belirlenmiş olup yeni dikilen karayaprak lahanası fidelerinde ise beyazsinek erginlerinin Mayıs ayında görüldüğü saptanmıştır. A. proletella?nın Haziran ayının ortaları ile Temmuz ayının başına kadar geçen sürede popülasyonlarının artış göstererek Temmuz-Ağustos aylarında en yüksek seviyelere ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Beyazsineklerin yoğunluğuna paralel olarak Temmuz ayı ortalarından itibaren görülmeye başlanan parazitoit Encarsia tricolor?un popülasyonlarının artarak devam ettiği belirlenmiştir. Parazitoitin beyazsinekleri parazitleme oranının Temmuz- Ağustos aylarında en yüksek seviyelerine ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. A. proletella?nın Aziziye, Ağa, Mahirağa ve Topçular lokasyonlarındaki bahçelerde sırasıyla %56,8, %82,7, %63,5 ve %35,5?e varan doğal parazitlenme oranları sonucunda beyazsineklerin popülasyonlarında düşüşlere neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Genetic diversity of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, 1934 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) in potato production areas of Türkiye 1(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2024) Yuksel, Ebubekir; Askar, Arife Gumus; Susurluk, Ismail Alper; Bozbuga, Refik; Dincer, Dilek; Imren, MustafaEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are one of the most important biological control agents and have proved their biocontrol success against a variety of insect pests. However, limited knowledge exists regarding the genetic structure of various species and populations of EPNs. Thus, this study was conducted to isolate and elucidate the EPN's phylogenetic diversity sourced from potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) (Solanales: Solanaceae) crops in 2020 at Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University. Through ribosomal DNA sequencing, we investigated genetic variability within and among isolates of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species. Widespread sampling across Afyonkarahisar, Bolu, & Idot;zmir, Sivas, Ni & gbreve;de, Kayseri, and Konya provinces, covering a total area of 795 hectares, led to the recovery of two EPN isolates, constituting 10% of the samples. Molecular characterization involved ribosomal DNA sequencing, which, upon integration with sequences from 41 populations, confirmed the identification of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev, 1934 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) , displaying monophyly in most Steinernema and Heterorhabditis clades, respectively. This survey emphasizes the common occurrence of these EPNs in key potatogrowing areas in T & uuml;rkiye, highlighting their biocontrol potential against arthropod pests of agricultural importance.Öğe Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Associated with Cabbage-Cultivation Systems in Anatolia Region of Türkiye(Mdpi, 2024) Akyol, Gulsum Badel; Yuksel, Ebubekir; Elci, Eminur; Bozbuga, Refik; Dababat, Abdelfattah; Imren, Mustafa; Toktay, HalilHeterodera schachtii (Schmidt, 1871) (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) is one of the most widespread plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) associated with cabbages, which cause severe yield losses in cruciferous vegetables. This study aimed to improve the current understanding of the prevalence and detection of H. schachtii in the cabbage-growing areas of Ni & gbreve;de Province, T & uuml;rkiye. Field surveys were conducted between November and December 2021, and 100 soil samples were collected immediately after cabbage harvesting. Heterodera schachtii populations were identified by morphological and morphometric methods along with Internal Transcribed Spacer of the ribosomal region (ITS-rDNA) and Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit (COI-mtDNA) sequencing. The mean body length of H. schachtii was 463 +/- 7 mu m, while stylet and hyaline length ranged between 20.7-27.8 mu m and 20.1-32.1 mu m, respectively. Nearly half of the surveyed areas were infested with H. schachtii with a 41% incidence rate. However, the Merkez District had the highest proportion of infested fields with an over 51% incidence rate. The population density was determined in 41 samples with a mean of 79.5 cysts per 250 g of soil. These results will help to determine the control and management strategies of H. schachtii.Öğe Investigation the Efficiency of Resistance Gene, Cre1, Against Mediterranean Cereal Cyst Nematode: Heterodera latipons Franklin (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)(Ankara Univ, Fac Agr, 2014) Imren, Mustafa; Kasapoglu, Ece Bortecine; Dababat, Abdelfattah; Toktay, Halil; Elekcioglu, Ibrahim HalilCereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae group) are important pests of wheat; they include the three most important species of cereal cyst nematodes: Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, H. latipons Franklin and H. filipjevi (Madzhidov) in Turkey that were determined in different wheat growing areas. It was reported that Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera latipons which is widely found in the centre of the durum wheat growing area -South-eastern Anatolia region-in our country was reaching the economical threshold in many locations. It is known that the use of resistant/tolerant wheat varieties is the most effective controlling method against cyst nematodes in the wheat cultivation. Nowadays, nine different resistance genes (Cre genes), which are transferred from wild wheat species to wheat cultivated forms are available. In this study, the efficiency of the resistance gene, Cre1, against the population of H. latipons from Gaziantep (Karkamis) was investigated. In the study, 38 genotypes carrying Cre1 gene and 26 genomes lacking resistance genes; this gives a total 64 wheat genotypes which are produced by parental crossing of SILVERSTAR containing the resistance gene, Cre1, in its genome, SOKOLL, CALINGIRI, GOLDMARKER, CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(224)//OPATA, FRAME, STYLET and PASTOR were used against H. latipons in the experiment. Among the 64 genotypes; 20 were resistant, 32 were moderately resistant and 12 were moderately susceptible to the nematode. Ten resistant, 20 moderately resistant and 8 moderately susceptible lines were determined against H. latipons that these 38 lines carried the Cre1 gene in their genome. Within this study, the resistant gene, Cre1, was not found to be completely resistant against H. latipons, but its 78% efficiency rate was found to be successful: therefore, it was concluded that it can be used against H. latipons in national wheat breeding programs. Furthermore, PASTOR, SOKOLL and CROC_1/AE.SQUARROSA(224)//OPATA wheat genotypes were determined as good resistance source against H. latipons.Öğe Kırgızistan’ın Kuzey Bölgesinde Patates (Solanum tuberosum L.) Ekiliş Alanlarında Saptanan Bitki Paraziti Nematod (Nematoda: Tylenchida) Türleri(2021) Kepenekçi, Ilker; Erdoğuş, F. Dolunay; Yeşilayer, Ayşe; Imren, MustafaBitki paraziti nematodlar kültür bitkilerinde ekonomik kayıplara neden olan zararlı organizmalardır. Bu çalışma Kırgızistan’ın kuzeyinde yer alan Talas ve Tokmok Bölgeleri patates ekiliş alanlarında bulunan bitki paraziti nematod türlerini saptamak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla 2016 yılı yaz aylarında yapılan survey çalışmalarında patates ekiliş alanlarından 15 adet bitki ve toprak örneği alınmıştır. Örneklerden elde edilen bitki paraziti nematod türlerinin teşhisleri morfolojik ve morfometrik ölçümler yapılarak klasik yöntemlerle belirlenmiştir. Yürütülen teşhis çalışmaları sonucunda Tylenchida takımına ait 4 familya ve 6 cinse bağlı 6 tür tespit edilmiştir. Bu türler Bitylenchus goffarti (Sturhan, 1966), Ditylenchus destructor (Thorne, 1945), Filenchus cylindricus (Thorne Malek, 1968), Helicotylenchus vulgaris (Yuen, 1964), Rotylenchus buxophilus ve Scutylenchus rugosus (Sıddoqii, 1963)’dur. Çalışmada saptanan en yaygın türler ise F. cylindricus ve B. goffarti olarak kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen tüm türler Kırgızistan için yeni kayıt niteliğinde olup D. destructor (patates çürüklük nematodu) patates bitkisinde önemli kayıplara yol açan bir zararlıdır.Öğe Morphological and molecular identifcation of cereal cyst nematodes from the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey(2015) Imren, Mustafa; Waeyenberge, Lieven; Viaene, Nicole; Elekcioğlu, Ibrahim Halil; Dababat, AbdelfattahThe morphological and molecular characteristics of 41 populations of cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae group)collected in Adana, Osmaniye, Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, and Kilis provinces in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkeywere studied. Te morphological characters and morphometric features of second-stage juveniles and cysts showed the presence of 3Heterodera species: H. avenae , H. flipjevi, and H. latipons. All morphological values of these distinct populations were very similar tothose previously described for these species. Genetic variation was observed among the identifed cyst nematode species H. avenae, H.flipjevi, and H. latipons. Intraspecifc polymorphism was observed within H. avenae and H. latipons but not in H. flipjevi populations.Molecular analysis using ITS regions of rDNA confrmed the identities of the 3 Heterodera species. According to our results, 75% ofisolates were identifed as H. avenae , 15% as H. latipons, and 10% as H. flipjevi.Öğe Morphological and molecular identification of a new species Meloidogyne artiellia (Franklin) on wheat fauna in Turkey(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2014) Imren, Mustafa; Ozarslandan, Adem; Kasapoglu, Ece B.; Toktay, Halil; Elekcioglu, Ibrahim HalilRoot-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among some of the most economically important plant parasitic nematodes in the world. It is known that the nematode belong to Meloidogyne genus causes significantly crop losses in vegetables and cereals. The root-knot nematodes, M. artiellia causes damages especially cereals, legumes and cruciferous crops. Isolates of M. artiellia recovered from root and soil samples collected from wheat fields in 2012 growing season were firstly identified by using morphological and molecular aspects in Hatay province of Turkey. M. artiellia was morphologically identified by using morphological features and allometric criteria of second stage juvenile and female. Also, it was molecularly identified by using the sequences of partial mitochondrial DNA cytochrome C oxidase subunit (COI) gene region and clearly separated from other species.Öğe Pathogenesis-related gene (PvPR1 and PvPR2) expression involved in Meloidogyne incognita parasitism and resistance reactions of common bean genotypes in host–nematode interactions(Canadian Science Publishing, 2022) Bozbuga, Refik; Çiftçi, Vahdettin; Yeken, Mehmet Zahit; Imren, MustafaPathogenesis-related (PR) genes are useful molecular markers, and gene expressions are activated in the reaction of plantparasitic nematodes. Determining the PR gene expression and the resistance reaction of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes against root-knot nematode are valuable for understanding plant–nematode interactions. However, resistance reactions of P. vulgaris genotypes and the gene expression of host–nematode interactions are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the expression of PR genes during the infection of Meloidogyne incognita on resistant and susceptible bean varieties at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days postinfection (dpi). The results revealed that one genotype gave a reaction as “immune”, and numerous genotypes were susceptible. The expression of PvPR1 and PvPR2 genes reached the highest peak at 1 dpi in nematode-infected immune plants, and the expression of PvPR1 reached 5 dpi in susceptible plants. In conclusion, PR genes involved in nematode resistance and parasitism and the immune common bean genotype have great potential in breeding programs and understanding the exact location of resistance on the gene map would be advantageous as future work. © 2022 The Author(s).Öğe The Role of Storage Duration and Conditions on the Survival and Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes(2023) Akı, Onur; Yüksel, Ebubekir; Imren, Mustafa; Bozbuğa, Refik; Canhilal, RamazanEntomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) are effective biocontrol agents for many insect pests and are generally stored for a period of time prior to their use in the laboratory or field. However, unfavorable storage conditions have a great impact on the survival and infectivity of EPNs. This study was conducted to determine the optimum storage conditions of infective juveniles (IJs) of four native EPN species (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora FLH-4H, H. indica 216-H, Steinernema feltiae KCS-S, and S. bicornotum MGZ-4S) under laboratory conditions. The survival capability of the IJs was tested at different concentrations (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 IJs), temperatures (9 and 25 °C) and storage media [double-distilled water (ddH2O), tap water, and sterile Ringer solution]. In general, the survival of IJs of tested EPN species was the highest at the 1st month after treatment (MAT) at the concentrations of 1000 and 1500 IJs and gradually decreased with the increasing storage periods. The survival rates of the IJs of Steirnematids were generally higher than Heterorhabditid species. The highest survival of IJs was generally obtained after 1-month storage in Ringer solution at 9°C while tap water led to poor survival for the IJs at both temperatures tested. The IJs that were stored at 9°C induced higher mortalities on the larvae of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The results showed that the IJs of tested EPN species can remain viable for a longer period of time in Ringer solution at 1000 and 1500 IJs concentrations at 9°C without losing much of their infectivity.
