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Öğe Evaluation of load-independent microhardness values in Plateau regions of Vanadium substituted Bi-2212 ceramics(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2022) Ülgen, Asaf Tolga; Okur, Semih; Erdem, Ümit; Pakdil, Murat; Turgay, Tahsin; Yıldırım, GürcanThis study reveals extensively effect of homovalent V/Bi partial replacement in Bi2.0-xVxSr2.0Ca1.1Cu2.0Oy ceramic matrix (0.00 <= x <= 0.30) on the key mechanical design performance parameters and load-independent Vickers microhardness parameters in plateau limit region by means of experimental microhardness tests and semi-empiric approaching models. It is found that the vanadium substitution level of x = 0.01 is observed to be optimum amount in the Bi-2212 crystal lattice for refinement of fundamental mechanical properties due to the enhancement in stabilization of durable tetragonal phase, surface residual compressive stress and elastic recovery mechanism. Conversely, from the replacement level of x = 0.01 onwards, the lattice strain field and stress concentration sites enhance significantly depending on the increase of microscopic structural problems, interaction problems between adjacent layers and crack-initiating flaws in Bi-2212 ceramic system. Correspondingly, stress-induced phase transformation begins to play predominant role, and excess vanadium substituted ceramic materials are easily broken at relatively smaller test load. Moreover, the models indicate that every ceramic compound shows standard indentation size effect (ISE) feature due to predominant behavior of elastic recovery in crystal structure. Hence, presence of optimum vanadium ions strengthens typical ISE characteristic behavior. Furthermore, among semi-empirical models the indentation-induced cracking (IIC) model exhibits the highest performance to inspect real microhardness values of Bi2.0-xVxSr2.0Ca1.1Cu2.0Oy ceramic compounds in the plateau limit region.Öğe Wet milling of buckwheat cultivars and some quality properties of the fractions(SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2022) Arslan, Ayşenur; Haros, Claudia Monika; Yalçın, Erkan; Güneş, AhmetThe hulled buckwheat cultivars (Aktas cv. and Gunes cv.) were wet-milled, and then some chemical, yields, colour, functional properties, phenolic compound, antioxidant activity, and pasting, thermal and retrogradation properties of starches were investigated and compared with the wholegrain buckwheat flour (with hull) and buckwheat groat flour (without hull) of the same cultivars. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of flours and protein fractions were examined under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The hull, germ+dietary fibre, protein and starch fractions were collected. The total recovery for Aktas cv. and Gunes cv. cultivars were 98.1% and 96.1%; total starch yields were 51.6% and 49.7%; pasting temperatures of the starches were found as 83.7 and 85.7 degrees C; and final viscosities of starches were determined as 3.5 and 3.4 Pa center dot s, respectively. The resistant starch contents of starch fractions of Aktas cv. ve Gunes cv. were found as 3.28% and 3.62%, respectively. The highest total phenolic compound contents were detected with dimethyl sulphoxide extraction in the germ+dietary fibre fractions. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity were found in the hull fraction (as 81.7%) and germ+dietary fibre fraction (as 11.8 mmol/kg) of Aktas cv. cultivar.Öğe Effects of natural phenolics and synthetic antioxidants on the oxidative thermal stability of refined and purified sunflower oils(Innovhub Ssi-Area Ssog, 2021) Yıldız, Şeyma; Dilmen, Şeyma; Turan, Semra; Kıralan, Mustafa; Ramadan, Mohamed FawzyThe antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds [thymol (T), carvacrol (C), and thymoquinone (TQ)] was compared with commercial antioxidants [butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and alpha-tocopherol] using the beta-carotene bleaching and ABTS assays. At 1000 ppm concentration, commercial antioxidants showed better antioxidative properties (94.9-95.9%) than phenolic compounds (64.9-85.7%) according to beta-carotene bleaching assay. In the ABTS assay, except for BHT, BHA and alpha-tocopherol exhibited stronger radical scavenging activity than phenolic compounds. Regarding the Rancimat method, BHT-enriched stripped sunflower oil (SSO) had the longest induction period. At the same time, phenolic compounds caused a slightly higher increase in the induction periods than the control sample. Refined sunflower oil (RSO) enriched with BHT at 100 ppm was the most stabile during storage at 60 degrees C. Phenolic compounds added to RSO at 250, and 500 ppm exhibited less protection to lipid oxidation than BHT, while phenolic compounds, notably TQ, improved the RSO's oxidative stability. BHT at 100 ppm showed a strong antioxidant effect on SSO during storage at 60 degrees C. The effect of phenolic compounds, especially TQ on SSO, were lower than BHT, but higher than the control sample at 60 degrees C. The results are essential to applying new natural compounds as antioxidant agents in oils, fats, and lipids-rich foodstuffs.Öğe In vitro mature embryo culture protocol of einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat under boron stress(Springer, 2022) Ağıl, Ferdi; Örgeç, Mehmet; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Verma, Sandeep Kumar; Zencirci, NusretMature embryos of einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat were used for callus induction on media containing four diferent doses (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg L−1) of 2,4-D and dicamba supplemented with fve diferent boron concentrations (0, 6.2, 12.4, 24.8, and 37.2 mg L−1). The obtained callus was transferred to culture media with three (0, 0.5, and 2 mg L−1) diferent BAP doses with fve boron concentrations for further regeneration. The maximum callus weight in einkorn wheat was in culture media with 1 mg L−1 dicamba and 6.2 mg L−1 (3.71±0.13 g). Bread wheat had the maximum callus weight on culture media with 4 mg L−1 dicamba and 12.4 mg L−1 (3.46±0.40 g). The highest plantlet numbers were in only 2 mg L−1 BAP (2.92±0.88) for einkorn wheat and 0.5 mg L−1 BAP supplemented with 6.2 mg L−1 boron (3.71±1.12) for bread wheat. This indirect regeneration protocol using mature embryos of einkorn and bread wheat under boron stresses expected to be useful for future wheat breeding studies.Öğe Enhancement of alkaloid content (galanthamine and lycorine) and antioxidant activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) unders salt stress in summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.)(Elseiver, 2021) Ateş, Muhammed Tural; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Türker, Arzu UçarSummer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.) is a bulbous plant to the Amaryllidaceae family. L aestivum is a Euro-Mediterranean region plant and is a well-known source of pharmacologically important alkaloids. Galanthamine is the major bioactive compound that is widely used in the treatment of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Another alkaloid lycorine has antitumor, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic activities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different salt stress treatments on galanthamine and lycorine amounts, growth and development, non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (free radical scavenging activity and total phenol-flavonoid content) and enzymatic antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalases (CAT)] in L aestivum. The plant was cultivated for 3.5 months watering with 3 different concentrations (2, 4 and 8 g/L) of 2 different salt types (NaCl and CaCl2). Salt stress treatments did not change the shoot length, bulb size and water content significantly. Obtained leaves and bulbs were extracted with methanol and analyzed with HPLC-DAD system. Galanthamine and lycorine amounts were enhanced with 4 g/L CaCl2 in the bulbs. Galanthamine in the leaves was also improved with 8 g/L NaCl. Salt stress treatments did not change the lycorine content in the leaves. Antioxidant capacity of the bulbs and leaves of L aestivum was very low. Salt stress caused by 4 g/L CaCl2 increased the antioxidant activity only in the leaves and total phenol-flavonoid content in the bulbs. All salt stress treatments increased the SOD activity in the bulbs. The highest SOD and CAT activities were observed with 8 g/L CaCl2 and 4 g/L NaCl, respectively in the bulbs. Some CaCl2 treatments (2 g/L and 4 g/L) increased the activity of SOD and CAT, respectively. It was concluded that L aestivum is a salt tolerant plant, and 4 g/L CaCl2 is a conspicuous treatment in terms of increased galanthamine amount and antioxidant activities (nonenzymatic and enzymatic) in the bulbs. (C) 2021 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Coupling socioeconomic factors and cultural practices in production of einkorn and emmer wheat species in Turkey(Springer, 2020) Yaman, Huri Melek; Ordu, Bülent; Zencirci, Nusret; Kan, MustafaWheat, a basic food source in Turkey and the world, provides calories, protein, and energy to many people. Wheat has evolved from primarily domesticated hulled wheats. Of them, einkorn (Triticum monococcumssp.monococcum) (EIW) and emmer (Triticum dicoccon) (EMW), with their cultural heritages from the past until the present, are popular ones, and they are still grown in patches across Turkey. In this study, the main material consists of the data obtained through a questionnaire with 53 emmer- and einkorn-related people-producers, sellers, etc., from five largely einkorn- and emmer-growing provinces (Bolu, Kastamonu, Karabuk, Sinop, and Samsun) in the western Black sea region. The main aim was to determine the valuation and usage of einkorn and emmer in the survey area. While 78.0% of the farmers were producing einkorn, 22.0% of them were producing emmer wheat. Most of the farmers (86.0%) did not sell or trade hulled wheat because of the difficulties in harvesting and processing. There is no perfect market to sell them and find the quality seed to produce again. Because of these, einkorn and emmer are being produced by the farmers as in subsistence farming (traditional type) and being valued by using traditional home consumption techniques. The popularity of einkorn and emmer wheats is increasing, and health concerns of the public are accelerating interest in them. Therefore, increased acreage should be devoted to these wheats in Turkey to meet predicted market demand.Öğe Some chemical, physical, microbiological and sensorial properties of traditional water buffalo yogurts produced in Turkey(Natl Inst Science Communication-Niscair, 2020) Emirmustafaoğlu, Ahmet; Coşkun, Hayri; Güler, GökhanIn this study, it was aimed to determine some physical, chemical, microbiological and sensorial properties of yogurts traditionally made from water buffalo milk in the Western Black Sea Region (WBSR) in Turkey. Totally 86 yogurt samples were collected from producers or sellers in the cities of Kastamonu, Karabuk, Bartin, Zonguldak, Duzce and Bolu in WBSR and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, mean dry matter (%), fat (%), non-fat dry matter (%), protein (%), ash (%), lactose (%), pH, acidity (LA, %), color values L*, a* and b*were obtained as 17.13 +/- 3.524, 6.98 +/- 2.327, 9.92 +/- 1.362, 4.48 +/- 0.690, 0.84 +/- 0.102, 4.59 +/- 1.011, 4.20 +/- 0.208, 1.22 +/- 0.236,96.22 +/- 2.217, -3.30 +/- 0.412 and 8.50 +/- 1.513, respectively. Starch was determined in none of the samples. Average water holding capacity was 67.48 +/- 9.594% and viscosity was 1249.67 +/- 1077.762 mPa.s. In addition; firmness (g), consistency (g.sec), cohesiveness (g) and index of viscosity (g.sec) were found as 246.43 +/- 138.898, 4910.66 +/- 2234.522, 182.32 +/- 87.672 and 334.79 +/- 149.087, respectively. Acetaldehyde, ethanol, diacetyl, acetoin and aceton values were obtained as 8.93 +/- 4.205, 114.93 +/- 154.807, 0.95 +/- 0.014, 24.44 +/- 16.905 and 0.59 +/- 0.504 (mg/kg), respectively. Mean aerobic mesophilic count was found as 4.41 +/- 1.032 log cfu/g, coliforms as 2.37 +/- 1.077 log cfu/g, yeasts and molds as 4.16 +/- 1.076 log cfu/g and total lactic acid bacteria count as 5.96 +/- 0.923 log cfu/g. Sensorial analyses showed that average appearance score was 3.76 +/- 1.005, smell 4.03 +/- 0.978, taste 3.64 +/- 1.105, consistency by spoon 3.93 +/- 1.005 and consistency by mouth3.71 +/- 1.022 on scale 5. Important variations in properties analyzed were observed among the samples collected from different cities. For example, the values of dry matter, fat, protein, ash, water holding capacity, viscosity and color were the highest in the samples of Karabuk city among the others.Öğe Mini-MALTA: radiation hard pixel designs for small-electrode monolithic CMOS sensors for the High Luminosity LHC(Iop Publishing Ltd, 2020) Dyndal, M.; Dao, V; Allport, P.; Tortajada, I. Asensi; Barbero, M.; Bhat, S.; Bortoletto, D.; Denizli, Haluk; Yorulmaz, Kaan YükselDepleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS) prototypes developed in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS imaging process have been designed in the context of the ATLAS upgrade Phase-II at the HL-LHC. The pixel sensors are characterized by a small collection electrode (3 mu m) to minimize capacitance, a small pixel size (36.4 x 36.4 mu m(2)), and are produced on high resistivity epitaxial p-type silicon. The design targets a radiation hardness of 1 x 10(15) 1 MeV n(eq)/cm(2), compatible with the outermost layer of the ATLAS ITK Pixel detector. This paper presents the results from characterization in particle beam tests of the Mini-MALTA prototype that implements a mask change or an additional implant to address the inefficiencies on the pixel edges. Results show full efficiency after a dose of 1 x 10(15) 1 MeV n(eq)/cm(2).Öğe Correlational analyses of the relationships between altitude and carapace size of Ostracoda (Crustacea)(Edp Sciences S A, 2020) Dalgakıran, Enes; Külköylüoğlu, Okan; Yavuzatmaca, Mehmet; Akdemir, DeryaThe relationship between ostracods body size and altitude was studied from 117 aquatic habitats of Mersin province (Turkey). 72.6% of the relationship between 12 ostracods and five environmental variables was explained. Water temperature and pH were the two most effective variables on the species. The mean length of right and left valves of the species were significantly different (p < 0.01, N=3980) at all altitudinal ranges. A strong tendency of changes in valve height with increasing altitude seems to be more prominent than the changes in length for some species. To explore the relationship between ostracods carapace (body) size and altitude, 117 non-marine aquatic habitats were sampled from Mersin province (Turkey) during 03-09 October 2015. A total of 36 species and 14 sub-fossils were detected from 66 of 117 sites located between -3 m and 1630 m a.s.l. Thirty-four of the species are previously unknown in the province. In addition, four of the taxa were new records for the Turkish Ostracoda fauna. Five species (Ilyocypris bradyi, Heterocypris salina, H. incongruens, Psychrodromus olivaceus, Potamocypris fallax) were the most common among all habitats with relatively wide ecological and altitudinal ranges. Canonical correspondence analyses revealed 72.6% of the relationship between 12 ostracods and five environmental variables. Water temperature and pH were the two most influential variables (p < 0.05) on the species. The mean length of right and left valves of the species were significantly different (p < 0.01, N = 3980) at all altitudinal ranges. A strong tendency of changes in valve height with increasing altitude seems to be more prominent (p < 0.05) than the changes in length for some species. Our results do not support some ecological rules but rather, suggest that a linear relationship between carapace size and altitude may only be applicable for some ostracods.Öğe Molecular characterization of genetic diversity and similarity centers of safflower accessions with ISSR markers(Soc Botanica Sao Paulo, 2020) Ali, Fawad; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Habyarimana, Ephrem; Yılmaz, Abdurrahim; Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad; Khalil, Iftikhar Hussain; Ercişli, Sezai; Baloch, Faheem ShehzadCrop genetic resources are vital inputs in crop genetic improvement. In this study, genetic diversity, population structure, and similarity centers for 131 safflower accessions obtained from 28 countries were investigated using 12 ISSR markers. A sum of 201 ISSR bands were obtained among which 188 (93.844%) were found polymorphic. Mean polymorphism information content (0.448) and diversity parameters including mean effective number of alleles (1.655), mean Shannon's information index (0.557), mean expected heterozygosity (0.354), and mean overall gene diversity (0.377) showed a good level of genetic diversity in the studied safflower materials. Model-based structure, unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means, and principal coordinate analysis clustered all accessions into three main populations; A, B, and C and an unclassified population. Accessions originated from Asian countries like Pakistan and Israel were found most diverse. Three accessions, Pakistan-11, Israel-1, and Pakistan-26, were found most genetically distant and might be used as parental sources for genetic combinations in safflower breeding activities. Analysis of molecular variance revealed highly significant differentiation among the identified populations and population x country combinations. The results presented in this work most probably supported the hypothesis of seven similarity centers of safflower but need to be validated with further confirmed investigations. The information provided herein is expected to be helpful for the scientific community interested in safflower breeding.Öğe Interaction and multi-objective effects of multiple non-thermal treatments of sour cherry juice: Pesticide removal, microbial inactivation, and quality preservation(Wiley, 2020) Evrendilek, Gülsün Akdemir; Keskin, Eda; Gölge, ÖzgürBACKGROUND: The consumption of pesticide-contaminated sour cherries as fruit or juice has become a major health concern, and so the search for alternative processing technologies, such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), ozone (O), and ultrasonication (US) has intensified. The objectives of this experimental study of sour cherry juice were fourfold: (1) to quantify the removal efficiency of newprocessing technologies (PEF, O, US), and their combinations, for the pesticides chlorpyrifos ethyl,pi-fluvalinate, cyprodinil, pyraclostrobin, and malathion; (2) to detect their impact on physical, bioactive, and sensory properties; (3) to determine their microbial inactivation levels for Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas syringae subs. Syringae, and Penicillum expansum; and (4) to jointly optimize multiple responses of physical, quality, and sensory properties, pesticides, andmicrobial inactivation. RESULTS: Except for all the O treatments, the physical, bioactive and sensory properties of sour cherry juice were not adversely affected by the treatments. The joint optimization suggested PEF1 (24.7 kV cm(-1) for 327 mu s), PEF2 (24.7 kV cm(-1) for 655 mu s), PEF2+ O+ US, US, and PEF2+ O as the five best treatments. PEF2+ O+ US best achieved both pesticide removal andmicrobial inactivation. CONCLUSION: PEF2+ O+ US provided promising reductions in pesticide andmicrobial loads. (C) 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.Öğe Synthesis of some azamacrocycles bearing 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,3-triazole moieties(Maik Nauka/Interperiodica/Springer, 2020) Özer, Besra; Dürüst, YaşarA tetraazacrown ether, 4,9-di(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1,4,9,12-tetraazacyclohexadecane-2,11-dione, bearing propargyl groups on two nitrogens was synthesized starting from 1,4,9,12-tetraazacyclohexadecane-2,11-dione and subjected to 1,3-cycloaddition reaction with 5-(azidomethyl)-3-(4-R-phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles which were prepared by acylation of the corresponding para-substituted benzamidoximes with chloroacetyl chloride, followed by azidation. In this way, a series of azacrown ethers bearing 1,2,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,3-triazole rings were successfully obtained, and their structure elucidation was performed by means of spectral/physical data.Öğe Effective roles of ecological factors on nonmarine Ostracoda (Crustacea) in shallow waters of Malatya (Turkey)(Wiley, 2020) Batmaz, Filiz; Külköylüoğlu, Okan; Akdemir, Derya; Yavuzatmaca, MehmetThis study is aimed to understand effective roles of ecological factors on nonmarine ostracods in Malatya province where 125 different aquatic bodies were randomly sampled during 3-10 August 2015. Totally, 24 of 25 species identified were new reports for the province while Cypridopsis lusatica was a new record for Turkey. The most common species Ilyocypris bradyi was collected from 12 different habitat types. Fifteen species based on their percent similarities among habitat types were clustered into five groups. The first two axes of Canonical Correspondence Analyses explained 66.1% relationship between species and environmental variables. Salinity, water temperature and chloride were found to be the most effective variables on species occurrence. Except chloride and oxidation-reduction potential, there was no significant difference in the mean numbers of environmental variables among the sampling sites with and without species (p < .05). Five most abundant species portrayed the highest ecological tolerance ranges for water temperature. Heterocypris incongruens revealed the highest optimum and tolerance range for dissolved oxygen while Heterocypris salina showed maximum ranges for salinity. Increasing numbers of sampling sites did not increase the percent species numbers per site. Species distribution varied among the habitats. Accordingly, species with swimming ability tend to inhabit more stagnant water bodies while species without such ability were found in flowing waters. This implies that species with good dispersion modes may avoid negative effects of changes in ecological conditions. Thus, our results reveal that biotic factors can also be effective on species as much as abiotic ones.Öğe Genetic diversity and population structure of endangered rosewood from the Peruvian Amazon using ISSR markers(Inst Nacional Pesquisas Amazonia, 2020) Vasquez Guizado, Stalin Juan; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Ali, Fawad; Barut, Muzaffer; Habyarimana, Ephrem; Pacheco Gomez, Tedi; Vargas Santillan, Jhon Antoni; Baloch, Faheem ShehzadRosewood, Aniba rosaeodora is an endangered species in Amazon forests and its natural stands have been heavily depleted due to over-exploitation for the cosmetic industry. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of 90 rosewood accessions from eight localities in the Peruvian Amazon through 11 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers. The ISSR primers produced a sum of 378 bands, of which 375 (99.2%) were polymorphic, with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.774. The mean effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon informative index (I), gene diversity (He) and total gene diversity (Ht) were 1.485, 0.294, 0.453 and 0.252, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed the presence of maximum variability within populations (88%). The Structure algorithm, neighbor joining and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) grouped the 90 rosewood accessions into three main populations (A, B and C). Diversity indices at the inter-population level revealed a greater genetic diversity in population A, due to higher gene flow. The neighbor-joining analysis grouped populations A and B, while population C was found to be divergent at the inter population level. We concluded that population A reflects higher genetic diversity and should be prioritized for future management and conservation plans.Öğe Effect of thymoquinone and tocopherols on the oxidative stability of purified Nigella sativa oil(Innovhub Ssi-Area Ssog, 2020) Turan, Semra; Dilmen, Şeyma; Kıralan, Mustafa; Özaydın, Ayşe G.; Özkan, Gülcan; Ramadan, Mohamed FawzyThe effect of minor bioactive constituents (alpha-, gamma-tocopherol and thymoquinone) and the binary and ternary mixtures of those constituents on the oxidative stability of purified black cumin oil (PBCO) was evaluated. PBCO [purified triacylglycerols (TAG)] was enriched with different concentrations of these bioactive compounds then subjected to an accelerated thermal oxidation tests in a Rancimat apparatus at 90 degrees C and in an oven at 60 degrees C. The induction period (IP) of purified TAG containing ternary mixtures of minor bioactive constituents was higher than that of control purified TAG. Peroxide value (PV), conjugated diene (K232), panisidine value ov) and polymer triglyceride content were measured dur ing storage at 60 degrees C. A ternary mixture of minor bioactive constituents was more effective to retard oil oxidation than a binary mixture. In addition, purified TAG containing individual and binary mixture with gamma-tocopherol were more stable towards oxidation. During storage at 60 degrees C, alpha-tocopherol disappeared rapidly followed by gamma-tocopherol. The more resistant minor compound towards oxidation was thymoquinone wherein a slight decrease in its amount was observed at the end of storage experiment.Öğe Brain-computer interface speller system design from electroencephalogram signals with channel selection algorithms(Churchill Livingstone, 2020) Khairullah, Enas; Arıcan, Murat; Polat, KemalBackground and objective: Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have started to be used with the development of computer technology in order to enable individuals who are in this situation to communicate with their environment or move. This study focused on the spelling system that transforms the brain activities obtained with EEG signals into writing. In BCI systems working with P300 obtained from 64 electrodes, data recording and processing cause high cost and high processing load. By reducing the number of electrodes used, the physical dimensions, costs, and processing loads of the systems can be reduced. The main problem at this stage is to determine which electrodes are more effective. Randomness-based optimization methods perform their experiments within the framework of a specific fitness function, resulting in near-best results rather than the best result. The electrodes chosen as a result of the study are expected to contribute positively to the classifier performance. At the same time, an unbalanced data set is balanced, and an increase in system performance is expected. Method: Electrode selection was performed in both the original dataset and ADASYN dataset using the Genetic Algorithm and Binary Particle Swarm Optimization methods. As a dataset, Wadsworth BCI Dataset (P300 Evoked Potentials) was used in the study. The channels chosen most frequently by optimization methods were determined and compared with the 64-channel classification results using LS-SVM and LDA. Result: As a result of the optimization processes, the eight channels selected most frequently, the channels selected more than the average of all the selected channels and 64 channel results were compared. The highest accuracy was achieved with the LDA classifier for user A with 29 channels selected with BPSO with 97.250%. Conclusions: The results obtained in the study showed that the number of channels decreased by optimization methods increases the classification performance. In addition, classifier training and test times have been greatly reduced. The application of the ADASYN method did not result in any significant difference.Öğe Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationship of Turkish wild and cultivated emmer (triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) revealed by ipbs-retrotransposons markers(Friends Science Publ, 2019) Arystanbekkyzy, Meerim; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Aktaş, Hüsnü; Yeken, Mehmet Zahit; Zencirci, Nusret; Nawaz, Muhammad Amjad; Ali, Fawad; Baloch, Faheem ShahzadWild emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) is the progenitor of cultivated wheat. Turkey is the main center of wheat and plays a vital role in the spread of various crops among the continents. Karacadag region is considered as the domestication center of wheat and still, hundreds of landraces are prevalent. A total of 29 wild emmer landraces, 4 cultivated emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum) and five durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum) cultivars were investigated for the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship using the iPBS-retrotransposons markers. Mean polymorphism and polymorphic information contents (PIC) were 87.85% and 0.660, respectively. Mean effective numbers of alleles (1.961), Shannon's Information Index (0.682) and gene diversity (0.489) reflected the occurrence of a great level of variations. T17 and Chermik-1 genotypes were found much distinct and breeding valuable genotypes for wheat breeding. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) divided all genotypes by their genetic makeup and geographical locations. Among 3 species, UPGMA based clustering clearly separated the durum wheat from wild emmer and cultivated emmer wheat. Results are clearly supported by the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and model-based structure algorithm. Information provided herein comprehensively reflected the power of iPBS-retrotransposons for the diversity and phylogenetic relationship investigation and reflected that this marker system can be effectively applied to investigate phylogenetic and taxonomic relationship in any crop due to its universal nature. (C) 2019 Friends Science PublishersÖğe Solvothermally derived Me-2(H2O)(4)(5SSA)(3)center dot DMF and Me-2(H2O)(4) (4NSA)(2)center dot DMF: Application as Biginelli reaction catalysts(Lietuvos Mokslu Akad Leidykla, 2019) Laurikenas, Andrius; Yalçın, Fatma; Zilinskas, Robertas; Morkan, Ayşe; Zilinskas, Albinas; Morkan, İzzet; Kareiva, AivarasThe solvothermal synthesis between Me(NO3)(x)center dot yH(2)O (me(x+) = Fe3+, Ni2+, M2+, Co2+, Cu2+) and respectively 4-nitrosalycilic (4NSA) and 5-sulfosalicylic (5SSA) acids produced hybrid organic-inorganic compounds composed of me- ions and organic fragments which include three different functional groups, carboxylic, hydroxyl and sulfonic, each coordinated to the Mex+ ions. The phase and chemical composition, microstructure and properties of Me-2(H2O)(4)(5SSA)3 center dot DMF and Me-2(H2O)(4)(4NSA)(2)center dot DMF (DMF - dimethylformamide) hybrid compounds were evaluated and discussed. The synthesised materials were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The catalytic properties of the obtained compounds were also investigated.Öğe Determination of Turkish common bean germplasm for morpho-agronomic and mineral variations for breeding perspectives in Turkey(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2019) Yeken, Mehmet Zahit; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Karaköy, Tolga; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Çiftci, VahdettinTurkey is lavished with hundreds of common bean landraces. The present study was aimed to investigate the agronomic and mineral variations in 80 common bean landraces collected from 11 different provinces of Turkey. Genotypic variation expressed as a range for some traits like days to maturity (90-141 days), plant height (25.25-361.50 cm), 1000 seeds weight (140-633 g), Iron (66.48-128.05 mg kg(-1)), and Zinc (20.56-42.01 mg kg(-1)). Positive and highly significant correlation of Magnesium with Iron and Zinc was observed and analytic results derived from the first 3 eigenvectors suggested that days to pod setting, Zinc, and 1000 seeds weight were main variation contributing traits. Among the provinces, landraces from Tunceli performed well for agronomic traits and Malatya provinces landraces were found enrich for mineral traits. Landraces E-26 and S-19 reflected higher Fe and Zn contents, and higher yield, respectively. Cluster analysis divided the studied germplasm on the basis of plant height and geographic. Information provided herein can be helpful for the development of candidate varieties having higher yield with greater mineral contents.Öğe P300 tabanlı heceleme sistemelerinde en iyileme algoritmaları ile seçilen EEG elektrotlarının başarımlarının karşılaştırılması(Ieee, 2019) Arıcan, Murat; Polat, KemalGünümüzde, tamamen felçli durumda olan bireylerin çevre ile iletişimlerinin sağlanabilmesi için, EEG sinyallerinden elde edilen uyarılmış potansiyeller Beyin Bilgisayar Ara yüzlerinde (BBA) sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Ancak EEG sinyallerinin doğası gereği çok kanallı olması elde edilen veri boyutunu arttırmaktadır. Bu durum, BBA’ların çalışma maliyetini yükseltmektedir. BBA sistemlerinde, işlem hızını ve yükünü azaltmak için kullanılan elektrot sayısını indirgemek bir çözüm yoludur. Bu amaçla farklı teknikler kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan bazıları doğadaki canlıların hareketinden taklitle üretilen en iyileme yöntemleridir. Çalışmada P300 heceleme sistemlerinde, elektrotların sayısının azaltılmasında kullanılan, Parçacık Sürü Algoritması (PSO), Farksal Evrim (DE), Genetik Algoritma (GA), Bal Arısı Algoritması (BA) kullanılarak azaltılan kanalların başarıma olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, 64 kanala ait doğruluk oranları ile kanal azaltılarak elde edilen doğruluk oranları arasında %20’yi (Kullanıcı B için LS-SVM sınıflayıcı ile Bal Arısı Algoritması) geçen bir artış görülmektedir. En iyileme algoritmaları sistem çalışma maliyetini azaltmak için kullanılacak uygun bir yöntemdir.
