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Öğe Characterisation of a Turkish Isolate of Nosema ceranae Fries et al., 1996 (Microsporidia) Recorded in Populations of Apis mellifera L. in Turkey(Inst Zoology, Bas, 2019) Güner, Beyza Gonca; Ertürk, Ömer; Yaman, MustafaThis study aimed to compare disease factors, in terms of morphological, molecular and ultrastructural characters, for nosemosis in honey bees in Turkey. Nosema ceranae Fries et al., 1996, a pathogen of Apis mellifera was detected with light microscopy and PCR-based methods. Then, its spore ultrastructure was studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to compare with the known ultrastructure of isolates of N. ceranae from different countries. Mature fresh spores measured 4.5 x 2.5 mu m (n=50) and Giemsa stained spores 4.4 x 2.6 mu m (n=50). Polar filament had 22-23 coils, showed isofilar structure and measured 85-90 nm in diameter. Endospores measured 115-140 nm with low electron density, while exospore measured 15-30 nm. TEM studies confirmed that ultrastructure characters of the Turkish isolate of N. ceranae differed slightly from those of N. ceranae isolates from different countries. This is the first study of spore morphology and ultrastructure of N. ceranae recorded in honey bees in Turkey.Öğe Characteristic light and electron microscopic features of adelina melolonthae, a coccidian pathogen of the european cockchafer, melolontha melolontha (coleoptera/scarabaeidae)(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2021) Yaman, Mustafa; Radek, RenatePurpose The aim of this study was to investigate and document the characteristic electron microscopic features of the oocyst of Adelina melolonthae, a coccidian pathogen of the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Methods Larvae of M. melolontha were collected at Ordu, Turkey. Each larva was dissected in insect Ringer solution. Adeleid oocysts from the tissue that is suspected to Contain coccidian infections were examined under a light microscope (Zeiss), a scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta 200) and transmission electron Microscope (Philips EM 208). Results Spherical to ellipsoidal oocysts measure ca. 24-44.5 mu m (mean 35.6 mu m) in diameter (n = 50) and include up to twelve sporocysts. The oocyst wall has double layers; the outer layer measured 400-500 nm in thickness and the inner one 10-25 nm. Sporocysts including two sporozoites are rounded ca. 11-12.5 mu m (mean 11.7 mu m) in diameter. The sporocyst wall consisted of only one 70-80-nm-thick layer. The sporozoites are ellipsoidal and measured 9-11 mu m length and 3-4 mu m in width. Sporocysts include residual bodies. Conclusion In the present paper, the morphology and ultrastructure of the oocyst of A. melolonthae is documented for the first time and compared with other Adelina and coccidian species infecting insects. The results in this study confirm his identification and justify the classification as a separate species A. melolonthae, which differs from other Adelina species.Öğe Characterization, distribution, and virulence of protistan entomopathogen, Mattesia dispora (Sporozoa, Gregarina) in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations in Turkey(Springer, 2022) Yaman, Mustafa; Güvendik, Tuğba Sağlam; Ertürk, ÖmerBackground Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is the dominant pest on the stored products throughout the world. As an alternative to chemical insecticides, entomopathogens can be natural suppressors for pest populations. For this reason, the study of entomopathogens existing in the natural population of a pest contributes to the decision-making process of controlling that pest. In the present study, characterization, distribution, and virulence of protistan entomopathogen, the Turkish strain of Mattesia dispora in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella populations were presented. Results During the microscopic observations, a protistan entomopathogen was found in the populations of P. interpunctella in Turkey. It was identified as the Turkish strain of Mattesia dispora, a neogregarine pathogen. Typical fresh navicular oocysts of the pathogen were 13.28 +/- 0.41 (13.1-14.41) mu m in length and 7.72 +/- 0.51 (6.6-8.54) mu m in width (n = 50). Oocysts stained with Giemsa measured 12.32 +/- 0.78 (10.88-13.24) mu m in length and 7.01 +/- 0.26 (6.5-7.43) mu m in width. Polar plugs were recognizable clearly by light and electron microscopy, measuring 900 to 1100 nm. The oocyst wall was quite thick, measuring 600 to 800 nm. Each oocyst contained 8 sporozoites. 2.047 dead and 413 living larvae, 932 adults, and 40 pupae, collected from 14 different locations from 2019 to 2021 were examined for the presence of the protistan entomopathogen. In total, 225 of 3.432 P. interpunctella adult and larvae were found to be infected with this pathogen. Total infection occurred as 5.2 for M. dispora. Infection rates by M. dispora were 4.8% for dead larvae, 14.8% for living larvae, and 2.1% for adults. On the other hand, M. dispora infections reached 33% in some populations. M. dispora infections were observed in the seven (50%) of the examined populations. Furthermore, the Turkish strain of M. dispora had a high pathogenic effect against the second/third instar larvae of P. interpunctella. The average mortality rate was 98.33%. Conclusions Little is known about neogregarine infections as a natural suppressing factor in pest populations. The Turkish strain of M. dispora is very common and widespread in the populations of P. interpunctella. Furthermore, it has very high virulence on the P. interpunctella larvae. Such a widespread infection and very high virulence are desirable properties for a biological control agent. The results indicate that M. dispora can be an important natural suppressing protistan entomopathogen in P. interpunctella populations.Öğe Creation of Turkiye risk map for Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth) by weighted overlay analysis(Selçuk Ünivesitesi, 2024) Yaman, Şule; Yaman, MustafaBoxwood (Buxus spp.), which is widespread all over the world except Antarctica and widely used in many areas, is threatened by Cydalima perspectalis (box tree moth). Cydalima perspectalis, which has become widespread in Europe, is a new invasive species originating from East Asia and has become widespread in Turkiye in the last ten years. This species was first observed in parks and gardens in Sar & imath;yer, Istanbul, in 2011. Since then, it has continued to spread rapidly in Turkiye. The pest causes intense damage by causing drying on boxwood areas, which causes economic and ecological losses. The rich ecological and topographical conditions of Turkiye are also favorable for the spread of this species. Therefore, it is important to develop pest control methods and take early measures. Within the scope of this study, the aim was to realize early detection of Cydalima perspectalis in Turkiye and make a risk map in this context. For this purpose, a risk map was created by determining the risky areas where Cydalima perspectalis can spread in Turkiye using weighted overlay analysis from geographic information system (GIS) technologies. Existing boxwood locations obtained from field studies were compared with the risk map and analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the presence of Cydalima perspectalis was found in the boxwood in the identified risk areas, and it is expected to be transmitted in boxwood that is in the risk area but not observed to have Cydalima perspectalis. With this research, a risk map for Cydalima perspectalis was made for the first time.Öğe DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE BEEKEEPING PLACES BY WEIGHTED OVERLAY ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY OF BOLU, TÜRKİYE(Bursa Uludag University, 2023) Yaman, Şule; Yaman, MustafaBeekeeping is one of the main livelihoods of our country, and our country's rich geography, different climate and topography are quite suitable for beekeeping. The increase in interest in beekeeping activities has led to more income with less maintenance and expense compared to other agricultural activities. The increasing interest has also revealed the necessity of determining suitable places for beekeeping to increase beekeeping activities' efficiency. For this purpose, weighted overlay analysis, which is one of the Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques, was carried out using ArcGIS 10.7.1 in this study for the province of Bolu. Slope, aspect, elevation, precipitation, vegetation and distance to roads, streams and settlements were used for analysis. As a result of the analyzes made, it was determined that 90.95% of Bolu province is suitable for beekeeping activities. In addition, it has been determined whether the existing beekeeping locations are suitable for beekeeping. Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.Öğe Determination of Suitable Beekeeping Places in Sinop Province (Türkiye) By Weighted Overlay Analysis(2024) Yaman, Şule; Yaman, MustafaBees and beekeeping activities are very important for the sustainability of natural life. Beekeeping has become one of the main sources of income of our country due to products such as pollen, royal jelly, honey and wax obtained from beekeeping activities. In addition, our country's rich geography, climate and topography are very suitable for beekeeping activities. Interest in beekeeping activities has increased because it does not require large areas and costs, requires less maintenance than other agricultural activities, and has high income. With the increasing interest, conscious beekeeping, increasing the efficiency obtained from beekeeping activities and therefore determining suitable beekeeping places have gained importance. For this purpose, a study was carried out to determine suitable places for beekeeping in Sinop province, which is suitable for beekeeping activities due to its flora, climate and location. ArcGIS 10.7.1 program was used to determine suitable areas and weighted overlay analysis was performed using criteria such as slope, aspect, elevation, precipitation, vegetation, and distance to roads, streams and settlements. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that 96.38% of Sinop province was suitable for beekeeping. Additionally, it was checked whether the existing beekeeping sites were in suitable locations, and as a result, it was observed that approximately half of the beekeepers were in the correct locations.Öğe Distribution and occurrence of vairimorpha plodiae (Opisthokonta: Microspora) in the Indian meal moth, plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations: An extensive field study(Jagiellonian Univ, Inst Environmental Sciences, 2021) Güvendik, Tuğba Sağlam; Yaman, Mustafa; Ertürk, ÖmerThe Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most important stored product pests. Fumigation plays a significant role in the management of insect pests in stored-products. However, the use of fumigants is problematic because of their effects on the environment and high costs. Entomopathogenic organisms are environmentally friendly control agents and suppress pest populations under natural conditions. In this study, distribution and occurrence of a microsporidian pathogen, Vairimorpha plodiae (Opisthokonta: Microspora) in the populations of P. interpunctella from 12 localities representing Turkey between 2019 and 2020 are presented for the first time by confirming its effectiveness on natural populations. The presence of the microsporidian pathogen was found in 11 of 12 (91.7%) populations. In total, 863 of 3,044 samples were infected by the pathogen. Infection mean was 28.4% for all populations. Our results showed that V. plodiae infection reached to a considerably high prevalence (88.77%) in P. interpunctella populations and varied from 5.1 to 88.7% between the populations. In addition, microsporidia infections have been identified throughout Turkey. We found that V. plodiae can infect all life stages of P. interpunctella. Totally, 623 (28.5%) of 2187 larvae, 14 (37.8%) of 37 pupae, 226 (27%) of 820 adults were found to be infected by the pathogen. There were considerable differences between the dead and living larvae. The microsporidian infection was found in 26 (11.6%) of 225 living larvae, whereas it was found in 595 (30.5%) of 1,952 dead larvae. These results confirm that the microsporidia pathogen has a high spreading potential in P. interpunctella populations and can be a natural biological suppression factor on pest populations.Öğe Distribution of microsporidial infection in the predator beetle, Calosoma Sycophanta (Coleoptera:Carabidae)-rearing laboratories in Turkey(2019) Yaman, Mustafa; Uzuner, Salih; Güner, Beyza Gonca; Ayar, Ömür; Ertürk, Ömer; Eroğlu, MahmutThe present study aimed to determine the rate of microsporidiosis in larvae and adult beetles in Calosoma sycophanta L. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) mass-rearing laboratories. Eighty larvae and 7420 adults of C. sycophanta were dissected from the mass-rearing laboratories and investigated for the presence of microsporidiosis. Microsporidiosis was determined in all localities. Four hundred and forty-one adults of the dissected insects were found to be infected and the total infection rate was 5.94%. A total of 80 C. sycophanta larvae from Balıkesir and Isparta examined in 2016 showed no microsporidiosis. The infection ratio was varied among populations and years. The total infection rate per year was 2% in 2015, 3.85% in 2016, 5.7% in 2017, and 12.3% in 2018. It was observed that microsporidiosis increases year after year. In addition, infection rates reached considerable levels, such as 26.3% in İzmir, 31.1% in Antalya, 30.2% in Balıkesir, and 35.2% in Mersin localities. During the study, microsporidiosis in male and female beetles was also investigated. Twenty-four (2.49%) of 963 male and 41 (2.99%) of 1370 female beetles were found to be infected. These results confirm that the microsporidian pathogen has a high dispersal potential through the C. sycophanta mass-rearing laboratories and can be an undesirable suppressing factor in adult beetles.Öğe Entomopathogens as biological control of the mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)(2021) Yaman, Mustafa; Sağlam, Tuğba; Ertürk, ÖmerMediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller, Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most important insect pests that invade the stored grain of many grains around the world. Chemical control is a very preferred method in the fight of this pest. However, due to the economic, social and environmental damages of chemicals, the interest in biological control, which is an alternative method, is gradually increasing. Entomopathogens have very important in biological control and that cause desired infections in pests. Entomopathogens include many species such as viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi and nematodes. In recent years, entomopathogeic nematodes; Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema riobrave, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis sp., Steinernema sp., and Xenorhabdus nematophila, entomopathogenic fungi; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (=Isaria fumosorosea), Beuveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, entomopathogenic bacteria; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Photorhabdus temperata and Bacillus subtilis, entomopathogenic protists; Vairimorpha ephestiae, Leidyana ephestiae, Mattesia dispora and Mattesia oryzaephili, and virus; Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) were reported from E.kuehniella. In this review, it is aimed to evaluate the recent status of these entomopathogenic organisms found or tested for E. kuehniella.Öğe First record of the entomopathogenic protist, Mattesia dispora (Neogregarinorida: Lipotrophidae) of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Turkey(Springer, 2019) Yaman, Mustafa; Acar, Kabire Funda; Radek, RenateThe present study is the first record of a natural neogregarine infection of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Turkey. The infection occurs in the fat body and hemolymph of the larvae. Typical fresh navicular oocysts of the pathogen were 12.1-16.2 mu m in length and 5.9-8.5 in width (n = 50). Oocysts stained with Giemsa stain measured 11.7-14.2 mu m in length and 5.9-8.5 mu m in width. Polar plugs were recognizable using light and electron microscopy. The oocyst wall is quite thick, measuring 460 to 560 nm. Each oocyst contains 8 sporozoites. The described neogregarine has typical characteristics of members of the genus Mattesia (Family Lipotrophidaeorder Neogregarinorida) and shows similarities with Mattesia dispora in morphological and ultrastructural characteristics. The occurrence of the pathogen in different life stages of E. kuehniella was also studied. Total infection was observed as 66.98% in the investigated samples. The pathogen caused different infection levels in the larvae, pupae, and adults of the E. kuehniella, 57.06, 85, and 3.17%, respectively.Öğe First Record, Distribution and Occurrence of A Protistan Entomopathogen, Adelina mesnili Perez (Coccidia: Adeleidae) in the Indian Meal Moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Populations in Türkiye(Galenos Publishing House, 2023) Yaman, Mustafa; Sağlam, Tuğba; Ertürk, ÖmerObjective: Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) originating from South America is one of the important insect pests that damages storage products and is found on every continent. There is a new interest in using enthomopathogens for microbial control of P. interpunctella as well as other stored product pests. Coccidia as a group of protistan entomopathogens are host specific and their pathogenic effects on the hosts are more pronounced. Although this pathogenic effect results in increased host mortality or higher susceptibility to insecticides, the suppressive potential of coccidia in natural populations has not been adequately studied. In this study, characterization, distribution and occurrence of a coccidian entomopathogen was aim to show its natural suppressing potential in P. interpunctella populations. Methods: During the three years (from 2019 to 2021), a total of 3.432 P. interpunctella samples (2.047 dead and 413 living larvae, 932 adults and 40 pupae) were collected from fourteen populations. After macroscopic examination, suspected samples were dissected in Ringer’s solution and then prepared wet smears including host fat body were examined for presence of coccidian pathogens under a light microscope at a magnification of 400-1000X. The oocysts of the coccidian were measured and photographed using a microscope with a digital camera and soft imaging system. Results: The pathogen was observed in the fat bodies of the larvae, pupae and adults. Oocysts measured as 29.52±3.32 (25.27-35.08) µm in diameter and they include 8 sporocysts. Sporocysts measured as 9.11±0.61 (8.90-9.85) µm. Forty-five of 3.432 P. interpunctella larvae, pupae and adults were found to be infected. Coccidian infections have also reached to the levels that can be considered high in some populations, as significant as 29.2%. The infection was observed in the three (21.4%) of the examined fourteen populations. Conclusion: The coccidian entomopathogen presented in this study is the first Adeleid coccidian record from P. interpunctella populations in Türkiye. The detection of Adelina mesnili Perez (Coccidia: Adeleidae) in at least three populations and the infection rate reaching 29.2 percent, confirms that this pathogen has a considerable effect P. interpunctella populations that cannot be underestimated. Our results confirm that the coccidian pathogen is very effective in the larval stage. © 2023 Turkish Society for Parasitology.Öğe Mattesia cf. geminata, an ant-pathogenic neogregarine (Apicomplexa: Lipotrophidae) in two Temnothorax species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)(Springer, 2023) Yaman, Mustafa; Kıran, Kadri; Radek, RenateAn ant-pathogenic neogregarine in Temnothorax affinis and T. parvulus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is described based on morphological and ultrastructural characteristics. The pathogen infects the hypodermis of the ants. The infection was mainly synchronous so that only gametocysts and oocysts could be observed simultaneously in the host body. Gametogamy resulted in the formation of two oocysts within a gametocyst. The lemon-shaped oocysts measured 11-13 mu m in length and 8-10 mu m in width. The surface of the oocysts is not smooth but contains many buds. A ring-shaped line containing rosary-arrayed buds line up in the equatorial plane of the oocyst. These specific characteristics were observed for the first time in neogregarine oocysts from ants. Polar plugs were recognizable clearly by light and electron microscopy. The oocyst wall was quite thick, measuring 775 to 1000 nm. Each oocyst contained eight sporozoites. The neogregarines in the two Temnothorax species show many similarities such as the size and shape of the oocysts, a relatively fragile gametocyst membrane, host affinity, and tissue preference. We identified these neogregarines as Mattesia cf. geminata, which is here recorded from natural ant populations in the Old World for the first time. All neogregarine pathogens infecting ants in nature so far have been recorded from the New World. We present the two ant species, Temnothorax affinis and T. parvulus, as new natural hosts for M. cf. geminata. Furthermore, the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the oocyst of M. cf. geminata are documented by scanning and transmission electron microscopy for the first time.Öğe Morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular identification of a new microsporidian pathogen isolated from Crepidodera Aurata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)(2019) Yaman, Mustafa; Algı, Gönül; Radek, RenateA new microsporidian pathogen isolated from Crepidodera aurata was identified based on morphological and ultrastructural characteristics, coupled with a molecular phylogenetic analysis. The spores of the microsporidian pathogen were slightly curved in shape, and measured 2.44–3.55 µm in length and 1.25–1.55 µm in width (n = 50). Its ultrastructure is characteristic of monokaryotic groups. All lifecycle stages of the pathogen, including meronts, sporonts, sporoblasts, and mature spores, are monokaryotic. The spore has 6–8 windings of the polar filament. Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the lifecycle stages place it within the family Unikaryonidae. However, the phylogenetic tree constructed on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicates that the pathogen is closely related to the Nosema/Vairimorpha clade of microsporidia. Therefore, we have classified the microsporidian of C. aurata in the tentative group Microsporidium in order to avoid creating an unnecessary or incorrect new genus/species.Öğe A new microsporidian pathogen, Vairimorpha gastrophysae sp. nov., isolated from Gastrophysa viridula (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)(Elseiver GMBH, 2022) Yaman, Mustafa; Aydın, Çiçek; Linde, Andreas; Radek, RenateGastrophysa viridula DeGeer 1775, the green dock leaf beetle, belongs to a group of beneficial insects, which can be used as a classical biological control agent against sorrels (Rumex sp., Polygonaceae). Therefore, any infection by pathogenic organisms in this beetle is undesirable. In the present study, a new microsporidian pathogen isolated from G. viridula was identified based on morphological and ultrastructural characteristics, supported with a molecular phylogenetic analysis. Light and transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that the microsporidium was polymorphic throughout its life cycle. Sporulation stages were not all in direct contact with the host-cell cytoplasm. The fresh single diplokaryotic spores of the secondary sporulation cycle had a long narrow morphology, measuring about 5 x 2.1 mm (n = 50). Octospores produced in the secondary sporulation cycle were also observed. Morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the life cycle stages place it within the genus Vairimorpha. The phylogenetic tree constructed on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis supports the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics and indicates that the pathogen is closely related to the Vairimorpha clade of microsporidia. The pathogen is named Vairimorpha gastrophysae sp. nov. (c) 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.Öğe Pathogenicity of aerobic bacteria isolated from honeybees (Apis mellifera) in Ordu Province(2020) Boğ, Emine; Ertürk, Ömer; Yaman, MustafaThe honeybee (Apis mellifera) is an important pollinator insect. Any pathogenic infection in this beneficial insect is undesirable. In this study, bacterial diversity in beehives was investigated to determine the potential of pathogenic bacteria in honeybees. To do this, bacterial isolations were carried out from dead and diseased adult bees collected from 9 districts in Ordu Province in Turkey.Twenty species of pathogenic bacteria, 18 of which were nonsporeforming Staphylococcus lentus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, Leucanostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris, Kocuria rosea, Kocuria kristinae, Sphingomonas paucimobilis slashline, Burkholderia cepacia, Leucanostoc mesenteroides ssp. dextranicum,Hafnia alvei, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas salmonicida, Citrobacter braakii, Pantoea agglomerans, Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus lugdunesis and Staphylococcus vitulinus and 2 sporeforming Bacillus licheniformis and Paenibacillus polymyxa, were isolated and identified from the honeybees. The infectivity of these bacteria were also documented with bioassay experiments on the healthy bees.The highest insecticidal effectwas determinedwith Bacillus licheniformis (84%), Escherichia coli (84%), and Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (80%) on the adult honeybees.This result confirms that the honeybee contains a very large number of bacterial species and that the majority of them are pathogenic for the species in Turkey. In addition, some of the entomopathogenic bacteria used for biological control can have negative impact on this economically important insect.Öğe Potential of entomopathogens in biological control of the box-tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)(Inst Forestry Lrcaf, 2023) Yaman, MustafaThe box-tree moth pyralid, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is the most important insect pest of box trees. Although C. perspectalis is an invasive species, studies on the isolation, characterization and insecticidal activity of entomopathogens that cause disease in the natural populations of box tree moth are scarce. There are few studies on the entomopathogenic organisms that cause diseases in the natural populations of C. perspectalis. C. perspectalis populations can be controlled with entomopathogens such as Bacillus thuringiensis, baculoviruses, fungi and nematodes. Bacillus thuringiensis and baculoviruses are the most promisining pathogens against C. perspectalis. Investigations to find the most effective entomopathogen against C. perspectalis should be continued. This also supports the need to find its specific entomopathogens causing diseases in its natural populations. The present paper compares data on potential entomopathogens found in the literature by discussing the current situation of the damage, distribution of C. perspectalis and the effects of the entomopathogens isolated from or tested against this pest insect.Öğe Potential of five non-spore-forming bacteria, originated from the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), on three economic insect pests(Springer, 2019) Ertürk, Ömer; Yaman, MustafaFive non-spore-forming bacteria were isolated from the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha (, ) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Their potential was tested against the three economic insect pests, the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans Kugelann (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); the pine processionary, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae); and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Linn.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), to find an effective biological control agent. All isolated bacteria were cultured and identified using VITEK bacterial identification systems and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The bacteria were identified as Enterobacter cloacae complex (isolate 1M), Serratia marcescens (isolate 3M), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (isolate 4M), Kocuria kristinae (isolate 5M), and Serratia liquefaciens (isolate 8M). Laboratory experiments, carried out to evaluate the virulence of these isolates, showed that all isolated bacteria had a pathogenic effect on the tested pests. E. cloacae had 35, 56.7, and 84%; S. marcescens 50, 60.9, and 47.8%; P. aeruginosa 55, 69.6, and 48%; K. kristinae 40, 43.5, and 16%; and S. liquefaciens 45, 65.2, and 36% mortality rates on the larvae of D. micans, T. pityocampa, and L. dispar, respectively. The isolated bacteria can be considered in integrated pest control programs.Öğe Prevalence of Nosemosis and Varroosis in honey bees in Sinop province(Kastamanu University, 2023) Yaman, Mustafa; Güvendik, Tuğba Sağlam; Ünal, SabriAbstract Aim of study: Sinop province has a potential to progress in beekeeping. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the presence and distribution of nosemosis and varroosis in honey bees in Sinop province. Area of study: 12 villages from 7 districts (Ayancık, Boyabat, Dikmen, Durağan, Erfelek, Gerze and Saraydüzü) in Sinop province were determined as study area. Material and methods: A total of 874 adult bee samples were dissected in Ringer’s solution and examined for nosemosis. A total of 1.640 adult bee samples were examined for varroosis. Main results: Nosemosis was the most common disease. Average of the nosemosis infection was 7.6%. On the other hand, varroosis was observed in the eight of 12 localities examined in Sinop province. Total infestation ranged from 0.6 to 8.2%. Highlights: Nosemosis and varroosis were observed in eight (66.7%) of the 12 examined localities in Sinop province. These data are considered as proof that honey production is negatively affected. This study also confirms that the beekeepers in the Sinop province should be informed in detail about the precautions to be taken in the monitoring and controlling varroosis and nosemosis.Öğe Prevalence of Nosemosis and Varroosis in Honeybees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) in Bolu Region(2023) Yaman, Mustafa; Sağlam, TuğbaBolu province has a potential to progress in beekeeping due to its rich flora and vegetation. However, the amount of honey production per beehive in the province of Bolu is 8-10 kg, which is below the average (14.4 kg) of Turkey. Honey bee diseases and parasites are among the most important factors that retard the development of beekeeping and limit production efficiency in Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the presence of varroosis and nosemosis in honey bee samples in different districts of Bolu. The presence of nosemosis and varroosis diseases in bee colonies in Bolu province are documented for the first time. Nosemosis was the most common disease. 190 of the 3030 examined bee samples were infected by Nosema spp. Average of the nosemosis infection was 6.3%. On the other hand, Varroa infestation was observed in the six of nine localities examined in Bolu province. 118 of the 3753 examined bee samples were infected by Varroa mites. Total infection ranged from 0.6 to 19.2%. This study has shown a prevailing higher percentage of infested with Varroa mites and Nosema spp. in Bolu region and revealed that the beekeepers in the Bolu region should be informed in detail about the precautions to be taken in the monitoring and controlling varroosis and nosemosis.Öğe Re-record and spore ultrastructure of nosema melasomae & Jodal 1986, a microsporidian pathogen of crysomela populi (coleoptera: chrysomelidae)(Iranian Scientific Society Medical Entomology, 2018) Yaman, MustafaBackground: Chrysomela (=Alelasoma) popu is one of the most serious pests on poplar plantations. In the present study, a microsporidian pathogen, Nosema melasomae infecting Crysomela poly is re-recorded from a new geographical locality and its spore ultrastructure is given for the first time. Methods: Larvae and adults of C. poly were dissected in Ringer's solution and prepared wet smears were examined under a microscope. Detected fresh and stained spores were measured and photographed using an Olympus BX51 microscope with a DP-25 digital camera and a DP2-BSW Soft Imaging System. The ultrastructure of the pathogen was studied with a Philips EM 208 transmission electron microscope using standard preparation techniques as previously described Results: Fresh spores of the microsporidian pathogen are elongate, 4.86 +/- .71 mu m in length and 1.64 +/- .19 mu min width. The spore wall is considerable thin, measured 60 to 100 nm and consists of a clear endospore (40 to 80 nm) and an electron-dense, uniform exospore (15 to 30 nm). The polar filament isisofilar and has only 6-8 coils. Nuclei in the cell are 400-560 nm in diameter. The polaroplast has a thin lamellated structure. Conclusion: The pathogen from C. poptili is N. melasomae Sidor & Jodal, 1986 and its systematic position given by Sidor and Jodal. The spore ultrastructure of N. melasomae differs from those of other microsporidia infecting chrysomelids.
