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    Editorial: Perspective challenges for applied research in potato pathogens: From molecular biology to bioinformatics
    (Frontiers Media SA, 2023) Lahlali, Rachid; Gachara, Grace; Özer, Göksel; Touseef, Hussain
    The potato crop is prone to infection by an estimated 50 different categories of pests and diseases whose causal agents are either viruses, bacteria, nematodes, insects, or fungi (Hussain and Singh, 2016; Jansson and Raman, 2019; Mangal et al., 2022; Munyaneza and Bizimungu, 2022). These pathogenic organisms are either soil or air-borne and usually inflict harm on all plant parts. The most commonly encountered diseases that affect potato growth and development include common scab, dry rot, black scurf, late blight, stem canker, premature deaths, and a wide array of nematodes. Soil-based infections that affect the quality of tubers include pink rot, common scab, leak, black scurf, powdery scab, black dot, Fusarium dry rot, and root knot nematode (Fiers et al., 2012; Hussain et al., 2021; Kowalska, 2021; Póss et al., 2021; Tegg and Wilson, 2022).
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    Effects of temperature and duration of storage on the hatching behaviour of Heterodera latipons (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2021) Tatlı, Yiğit Ali; Bozbuğa, Refik; Özer, Göksel; Mokrini, Fouad; Lahlali, Rachid; Dababat, Abdelfattah Amer; İmren, Mustafa
    Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Heterodera latipons is considered as one of the main CCN that causes significant economic losses in the production of intolerant cereal crops in Turkey. Accordingly, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of different storing temperatures and durations on the emergence of second-stage juveniles (J2s) of the nematode populations obtained from the eastern Mediterranean (Adana and Hatay) and south-eastern (Gaziantep and Kilis) regions of Turkey. The obtained results revealed a variation in the J2s hatching profiles of the regional nematode populations. The eastern-Mediterranean and the south-eastern populations hatched at between 5 and 20 degrees C; however, considerable divergences in the J2 hatching were noticed. The highest emergence of J2s for the populations occurred at 10 degrees C, whereas the lowest level was observed at 5 degrees C. To simulate the preplanting soil temperatures in Turkey, the cysts were stored at 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C, before incubation at 10 and 15 degrees C, to stimulate hatching of the J2s. The highest cumulative hatching was obtained at a constant temperature of 10 degrees C, while the lowest cumulative hatching occurred at 5 degrees C. Moreover, storing cysts at 5 degrees C, before incubation at 10 and 15 degrees C, significantly stimulated hatching of the populations of H. latipons when compared to the control. However, storing the cysts at 20 degrees C, before incubation at 10 degrees C, substantially stimulated the emergence of J2s relative to the control. The obtained results about the hatching behaviour of H. latipons may help in the development of effective control strategies for this nematode in Turkey.
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    Interaction of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) and crown rot fungus (Fusarium culmorum) associated with spring wheat resistance under simulated field conditions
    (Springer, 2022) Laasli, Salah Eddine; İmren, Mustafa; Özer, Göksel; Mokrini, Fouad; Lahlali, Rachid; Bert, Wim
    The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, and the crown rot fungus, Fusarium culmorum, cause tremendous damage to a wide range of grain crops, resulting in significant economic losses in the global yield production. The presence of both pathogens simultaneously in cereal fields puts more pressure on breeding programs, restricting new resistant cultivars to express their potential. This study investigated 150 spring wheat lines of the 18KASIB-CORE nursery for their host suitability to P. thornei and F. culmorum, inoculated singly or in combination. Forty-eight lines were resistant to P. thornei, while 16 lines were moderately resistant to F. culmorum. Among these, nine lines maintained their resistance reaction against the complex disease involving both pathogens, while only four lines provided resistance against individual and combined infestations. Infestation scenarios of both pathogens were monitored for each resistant variety and predicted using both reproduction factor and disease index. Pratylenchus thornei downgraded all resistant lines to F. culmorum, facilitating infestation and making their severity more pronounced (169% cumulative damage) with a negative impact on yield performance. These findings are useful for improving nematode x fungus resistance in wheat and selecting promising germplasm for breeding purposes against both diseases.
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    Monitoring of host suitability and defense-related genes in wheat to bipolaris sorokiniana
    (MDPI, 2022) Alkan, Mehtap; Bayraktar, Harun; İmren, Mustafa; Özdemir, Fatih; Lahlali, Rachid; Özer, Göksel
    Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. This study investigated the aggressiveness of B. sorokiniana isolates from different wheat-growing areas of Bolu province in Turkey on the cultivar Seri-82. Host susceptibility of 55 wheat cultivars was evaluated against the most aggressive isolate. Our results indicated that the cultivars Anafarta and Koc-2015 were the most resistant. A specific and sensitive qPCR assay was developed for detecting the pathogen in plant tissues and evaluating wheat plants with different resistance levels. Three primer sets, BsGAPDHF/BsGAPDHR, BsITSF/BsITSR, and BsSSUF/BsSSUR, were designed based on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, internal transcribed spacers, and 18S rRNA loci of B. sorokiniana with detection limits of 1, 0.1, and 0.1 pg of pathogen DNA, respectively. The qPCR assay was highly sensitive and did not amplify DNA from the other closely related fungal species and host plants. The protocol differentiated wheat plants with varying degrees of resistance. The assay developed a useful tool for the quantification of the pathogen in the early stages of infection and may provide a significant contribution to a more efficient selection of wheat genotypes in breeding studies. In the present study, expression levels of PR proteins, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes were upregulated in Anafarta (resistant) and Nenehatun (susceptible) cultivars at different post-infection time points, but more induced in the susceptible cultivar. The results showed considerable variation in the expression levels and timing of defense genes in both cultivars.