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Öğe Arsenic partitioning behavior during sludge co-combustion: Thermodynamic equilibrium simulation(Springer, 2019) Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Candie; Xie, Wuming; Zhang, Xiaochun; Chang, KenLin; Büyükada, Musa; Kuo, Jiahong; Evrendilek, FatihUsing the computation method of thermodynamic equilibrium, effects of sewage sludge (SS) co-combustion conditions and interactions with Fe2O3, SiO2, CaO and Al2O3 on migration and transformation of arsenic (As) were simulated in oxy-fuel (CO2/O-2) and air (N-2/O-2) atmospheres. Arsenic mainly existed as As(s), As-4(g), As2O5(s), As4O6(g) and AsO(g) and volatilized more easily in reducing than oxidizing atmosphere. Increased O-2 concentration slowed down the formation rate of AsO(g), thus reducing the volatilization rate of As. With the increased pressure, the conversion rate of As2O5(s) into As4O6(g) accelerated. In the multi-chemical system of SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO, As reacted with CaO and Al2O3 to form AlAsO4(s) and Ca-3(AsO4)(2)(s) which inhibited As volatilization. SiO2 prevented As from reacting with CaO to generate Ca-3(AsO4)(2)(s). Fe2O3 affected reactions between Al2O3(CaO) and As which inhibited As volatilization. In the whole SS co-combustion system, As reacted with O-2 but had a weak affinity with Cl and with no arsenic chlorides observed.Öğe Assessing thermal behaviors and kinetics of (co-)combustion of textile dyeing sludge and sugarcane bagasse(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Xie, Wenhao; Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Zhao, Yongjiu; Chang, Kenlin; Kuo, Jiahong; He, Yao; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThermogravimetric and mass spectrometric (TG-MS) experiments were carried out using textile dyeing sludge (TDS), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and their blends with different ratios. (Co-)combustion kinetic parameters of each sample were calculate by using TG-derivative curves. CO2, NOx, NH3 and SO2 emissions were also quantified. The addition of SB to TDS lowered SO2 but enhanced NOx, NH3 and CO2 emissions. Calculated activation energies (E) of the pure TDS and SB, and their blend (TB64) according to the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were on average in the range of 185.6-253.9 kJ.mol(-1), 152.9-235.9 kJ.mol(-1) and 111.1-161.8 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Based on the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method, E estimates of the pure TDS and SB, and the blend ranged from 183.1 to 251.0 kJ.mol(-1), 152.1 to 237.2 kJ.mol(-1) and 108.2 to 160.1 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Our results indicated that the blend E was affected by the interactions between TDS and SB. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Bioenergy and emission characterizations of catalytic combustion and pyrolysis of litchi peels via TG-FTIR-MS and Py-GC/MS(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Liu, Chao; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, MusaThis study characterized the catalytic combustions and emissions of litchi peels as a function of five catalysts as well as the effect of the best catalyst on the pyrolysis by-products. Na2CO3 and K2CO3 accelerated the devolatilization but delayed the coke burnout, while Al2O3 enhanced the coke oxidation rate. Both comprehensive combustion index and average activation energy dropped with the added catalysts. CO2, CO, and H2O were the main combustion gases between 300 and 510 degrees C. CO2, C-H, C=O, and C-O were generated from the pyrolysis between 200 and 430 degrees C above which CO2 and CH4 were slightly released. Total H2O, CO2, CO, NOx and SOx emissions declined with the added catalysts among which K2CO3 performed better. The main pyrolytic by-products at 330 degrees C were terpenoids and steroids (71.87%), phenols (15.51%), aliphates (9.95%), and small molecules (2.78%). At 500 degrees C, terpenoids and steroids (78.35%), and small molecules (3.20%) rose, whereas phenols (12.87%), and aliphates (5.83%) fell. Fatty acid, and ester decreased, while terpenoids, and steroids increased with MgCO3 at 330 degrees C. Litchi peels appeared to be a promising biowaste, with MgCO3 as the optimal catalytic option in terms of the bioenergy performance, and emission reduction. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Characterizing and optimizing (co-) pyrolysis as a function of different feedstocks, atmospheres, blend ratios, and heating rates(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Liu, Jingyong; Huang, Limao; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih(Co-) pyrolysis behaviors were quantified using TG and Py-GC/MS analyses as a function of the two fuels of sewage sludge (SS) and water hyacinth (WH), five atmospheres, six blend ratios, and three heating rates. Copyrolysis performance, gaseous characterizations and optimization analyses were conducted. Relative to N-2 atmosphere, co-pyrolysis was inhibited at low temperatures in CO2 atmosphere, while the CO2 atmosphere at high temperatures promoted the vaporization of coke. The main (co-) pyrolysis products of SS and WH were benzene and its derivatives, as well as alkenes and heterocyclic compounds. Average apparent activation energy decreased gradually with the increased atmospheric CO2 concentration and was highest (377.5 kJ/mol) in N-2 atmosphere and lowest (184.7 kJ/mol) in CO2 atmosphere. Significant interaction effects on the mean responses of mass loss, derivative TG, and differential scanning calorimetry were found for fuel type by heating rate and atmosphere type by heating rate.Öğe Co-combustion thermal conversion characteristics of textile dyeing sludge and pomelo peel using TGA and artificial neural networks(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Xie, Candie; Liu, Jingyong; Zhang, Xiaochun; Xie, Wuming; Sun, Jian; Chang, Kenlin; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihCo-combustion characteristics of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and pomelo peel (PP) under O-2/N-2 and O-2/CO2 atmospheres were investigated using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and artificial neural networks. 30% O-2/70% CO2 and air atmospheres led to a similar co-combustion performance. Increases in O-2 concentration and PP significantly improved the oxy-fuel co-combustion performance of TDS. Principal component analysis was applied to reduce the dimensionality of differential TGA curves and to identify the principal reactions. The interaction between TDS and PP occurred mainly at 490-600 degrees C, thus improving the process of residue co combustion. Radial basis function was found to have more reliable and robust predictions of TGA under different O-2/CO2 atmospheres than did Bayesian regularized network. Regardless of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods used, the lowest mean value of apparent activation energy (155.4 kJ.mol(-1) by FWO and 153.2 kJ.mol(-1) by KAS) was obtained under the 30% O-2/70% CO2 atmosphere.Öğe Combustion behaviors of Pteris vittata using thermogravimetric, kinetic, emission and optimization analyses(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Song, Yueyao; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, MusaThis study aims to assess the combustion efficiency and emissions of both aboveground (PA) and belowground (PB) biomass parts of Pteris vittata. Their combustion process consisted of three major stages, with devolatilization as the main stage of mass loss by 59.06% between 182 and 382 degrees C for PA, and by 58.24% between 182 and 375 degrees C for PB. The primary emissions were related to the carbonaceous (90.50% for PA; 90.80% for PB) and N-containing species (6.95% for PA; 6.56% for PB). 172.44% SO2, 137.49% NO2, and 124.48% CO emissions were released more from the PB than PA combustion. Air pollutants were generated between 70 and 500 degrees C from PA and 60 and 700 degrees C from PB, with the PB combustion requiring more pollution controls at a higher temperature. The joint optimizations of derivative thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, remaining mass, and conversion degree indicated 999.2 and 514.6 degrees C for combustion temperature, 193.6 and 97.1 min for combustion duration, and 40 degrees C/min for heating rate as the optimum operational schemes for the cleanest production for the PB and PA combustions, respectively. Average activation energy was described using four iso-conversion and integral masterplots methods. The hemicelluloses combustion for PA and PB were best described by the diffusion mechanisms, while the cellulose and lignin + char combustions corresponded to the reaction order mechanisms. Our results contribute to developing the new strategies of cleaner production with the P. vittata combustion. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Combustion behaviors of spent mushroom substrate using TG-MS and TG-FTIR: thermal conversion, kinetic, thermodynamic and emission analyses(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Chen, Jiacong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThe present study systematically investigated the combustion characteristics of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) using TG-MS (thermogravimetric/mass spectrometry) and TG-FTIR (thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry) under five heating rates. The physicochemical characteristics and combustion index pointed to SMS as a promising biofuel for power generation. The high correlation coefficient of the fitting plots and similar activation energy calculated by various methods indicated that four suitable iso-conversional methods were used. The activation energy varied from 130.06 to 192.95 kJ/mol with a mean value of 171.49 kJ/ mol using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and decreased with the increased conversion degree. The most common emissions peaked at the range of 200-400 degrees C corresponding to volatile combustion stage, except for CO2, NO2 and NO. The peak CO2 emission occurred at 439.11 degrees C mainly due to the combustion of fixed carbon.Öğe Comparative thermogravimetric analyses of co-combustion of textile dyeing sludge and sugarcane bagasse in carbon dioxide/oxygen and nitrogen/oxygen atmospheres: Thermal conversion characteristics, kinetics, and thermodynamics(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Xie, Wenhao; Wen, Shaoting; Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Lu, Xingwen; Sun, Shuiyu; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThermodynamic and kinetic parameters of co-combustion of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) were studied using thermogravimetric analysis in CO2/O-2 and N-2/O-2 atmospheres. Our results showed that the comprehensive combustion characteristic index (CCI) of the blends was improved by 1.71-4.32 times. With the increased O-2 concentration, co-combustion peak temperature decreased from 329.7 to 318.2 degrees C, with an increase in its maximum weight loss rate from 10.04 to 14.99%/min and its CCI by 1.31 times (beta = 20 degrees C.min(-1)). To evaluate the co-combustion characteristics, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters (entropy, Gibbs free energy and enthalpy changes, and apparent activation energy) were obtained in the five atmospheres. The lowest apparent activation energy of the TB64 blend was obtained in oxy-fuel atmosphere (CO2/O-2 = 7/3).Öğe Influence of catalysts on co-combustion of sewage sludge and water hyacinth blends as determined by TG-MS analysis(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Huang, Limao; Xie, Candie; Liu, Jingyong; Zhang, Xiaochun; Chang, KenLin; Kuo, Jiahong; Sun, Jian; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihEffects of the three metal carbonates (K2CO3, Na2CO3, and MgCO3) were quantified on catalytic co-combustion of the sewage sludge and water hyacinth (SW) blend using a thermogravimetric-mass spectrometric (TG-MS) analysis and kinetics modeling. The main dominating steps of the catalysts were the organic volatile matter release and combustion stage. Weighted mean values of activation energy (E-m) were estimated at 181.18 KJ . mol(-1), 199.76 KJ . mol(-1), 138.76 KJ . mol(-1), and 177.88 KJ . mol(-1) for SW, SW + 5% K2CO3, SW + 5% Na2CO3, and SW+ 5% MgCO3, respectively. The lowest E-m occurred with SW+ 5% Na(2)CO3. Overall, catalyst effect on co-combustion appeared to be negligible as indicated by Gibbs free energy (Delta G). The normalized intensities of SW+ MgCO3 were strongest. The addition of Na2CO3 and MgCO3 to SW increased flue gases emissions (CO2, NO2, SO2, HCN, and NH3) of SW, whereas the addition of K2CO3 to SW reduced flue gases emissions from the entire combustion process.Öğe Interaction effects of chlorine and phosphorus on thermochemical behaviors of heavy metals during incineration of sulfur-rich textile dyeing sludge(Elsevier Science Sa, 2018) Liu, Jingyong; Zhuo, Zhongxu; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Lu, Xingwen; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihSulfur (S)-rich textile dyeing sludge (TDSS) with different chlorine (Cl) and phosphorus (P) contents was incinerated at 900 degrees C to determine interaction effects of Cl and P on the distributions and transformations of the seven heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cd). The volatilizations of the heavy metals were adversely affected by the P addition. The Cl addition in low concentrations offset the negative effects of P on the Ni, Cr and Mn volatilizations. An interaction effect between Cl and P was found on the Pb and Cd volatilizations. Up to certain Cl and P concentrations, their synergistic effect restrained the Ni, Cu, Mn and Cr volatilizations but promoted the Zn volatilization. The addition of Cl/P in different ratios changed the distributions of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Cd. The addition of over 1% NH4Cl and NH4H2PO4 together decreased the residual fractions mainly transformed into oxidizable forms (6.5-19.7%) which in turn raised their potential toxicity and bioavailability. With the decreased Cl and S contents of the bottom ash, the volatilization rate of Cl was higher than that of S. The NH4H2PO4 addition increased the Ca content on the surface but decreased the Cl and S contents. S emissions were mainly in the forms of SO2, SO3, COS, CS2, and H2SO4, with Cl emission in the form of HCl. The increased P content was correlated with the Cl volatilization positively and the S volatilization negatively. The increased P content decreased the S volatilization by 11.2-17.0% with the addition of up to 1% Cl.Öğe Kinetics, thermodynamics, gas evolution and empirical optimization of (co-) combustion performances of spent mushroom substrate and textile dyeing sludge(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Kuo, Jiahong; Xie, Wuming; Zhang, Xiaochun; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihSpent mushroom substrate (SMS) and textile dyeing sludge (TDS) were (co-)combusted in changing heating rates, blend ratios and temperature. The increased blend ratio improved the ignition, burnout and comprehensive combustion indices. A comparison of theoretical and experimental thermogravimetric curves pointed to significant interactions between 350 and 600 degrees C. High content of Fe2O3 in TDS ash may act as catalysis at a high temperature. Ignition activation energy was lower for TDS than SMS due to its low thermal stability. 40% SMS appeared to be the optimal blend ratio that significantly decreased the activation energy, as was verified by the response surface methodology. D3 model best described the (co-)combustions. SMS led to more NO and NO2 emissions at about 300 degrees C and less HCN emission than did TDS. The addition of 40% SMS to TDS lowered SO2 emission. The co-combustion of TDS and SMS appeared to enhance energy generation and emission reduction.Öğe Kinetics, thermodynamics, gas evolution and empirical optimization of cattle manure combustion in air and oxy-fuel atmospheres(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Zhang, Junhui; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Zhang, Xiaochun; Büyükada, MusaThermogravimetric (TG) and TG-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses were performed to quantify the comparative performances of cattle manure combustion in air (N-2/O-2) and oxy-fuel (CO2/O-2) atmospheres at four heating rates. Out of the distributed activation energy model, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Friedman and Starink methods (R-2 >= 0.86), the FWO method on average led to the highest R-2 value with the lowest activation energy. On average, the combustion in the oxy-fuel atmosphere had the lowest activation energy (180.6 kJ/mol) with the highest R-2 value (0.9812). Our TG-FTIR results showed that CO2 was the major gas evolution of the cattle manure combustion. Interaction effects of atmosphere type by heating rate on the multiple responses of remaining mass, derivative TG, and differential scanning calorimetry were found to be significant (p < 0.001). The joint optimization of the three responses was achieved at 424.6 degrees C in the air atmosphere at the heating rate of 40 K/min.Öğe Pyrolytic kinetics, reaction mechanisms and products of waste tea via TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Cai, Haiming; Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThe present study experimentally quantified the pyrolysis behaviors of waste tea (WT) as a function of four heating rates using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. The maximum weight loss of WT (66.79%) occurred at the main stage of devolatilization between 187.0 and 536.5 degrees C. The average activation energy estimates of three sub-stages of devolatilization were slightly higher (161.81, 193.19 and 224.99 kJ/mol, respectively) by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa than Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. Kinetic reaction mechanisms predicted using the master-plots were f (alpha) = (3/2)(1 - alpha)(2/3)[1 - (1 - alpha)(1/3)](-1), f (alpha) = (1 - alpha)(2), and f (alpha) = (1 - alpha)(2.5) for the three sub-stages, respectively. The prominent volatiles of the WT pyrolysis were CO2 > C=O > phenol > CH4 > CO > NH3 > H2O > CO. A total of 33 organic compounds were identified including alkene, acid, benzene, furan, ketone, phenol, nitride, alcohol, aldehyde, alkyl, and ester. This study provides a theoretical and practical guideline to meeting the engineering challenges of introducing WT residues in the bioenergy sector.Öğe Quantifying thermal decomposition regimes of textile dyeing sludge, pomelo peel, and their blends(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Xie, Candie; Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Lu, Xingwen; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThermal decomposition behaviors of textile dyeing sludge (TDS), pomelo peel (PP), and their blends (TP) were detected using TG-FTIR. The blend ratios of TDS to PP ranged from 10 to 40 wt% and were subjected to heat above room temperature up to 1000 degrees C under four heating rates. Our results pointed to four stages for TDS combustion and three stages for PP combustion. The interactions between TDS and PP exerted inhibitive effects during the co-combustion process. Releases of CO2 and light organics occurred less with a TP ratio of 70%-30% (TP73) than with the individual fuels. Apparent activation energy (E-a) was obtained using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) methods. The FWO-based Ea estimates were in the range of 59.7-122.2 kJ-mol(-1) for TDS, 84.4-243.5 kJ-mol(-1) for PP, and 94.3-142.1 kJ-mol(-1) for TP73. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Thermal characteristics, kinetics, gas emissions and thermodynamic simulations of (co-)combustions of textile dyeing sludge and waste tea(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Cai, Haiming; Liu, Jingyong; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThe thermal conversion of waste into energy is increasingly becoming an integral part of environmentally friendly and sustainable societies. In this study, the (co-)combustion behaviors, kinetics, and gas emissions of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste tea (WT) were quantified. The addition of WT appeared to avoid the drawbacks of both TDS and WT and to enhance their combustion efficiency. The main co-combustion process was characterized by three stages. The WT addition led to higher reactivity and a better combustion performance. The average apparent activation energy reached its minimum (154.82 kJ/mol) with 40% WT. The reaction mechanisms of the three stages of the 40% WT blend were best described using the D2, F3 and F2.3 models, respectively. The interaction between TDS and WT occurred between 370 and 550 degrees C. The WT addition changed the peak strength of Fe2O3 and produced NaAlSiO4 and CaSO4 . The blend ash composition was found to consist of Fe2O3, CaSO4, Na2SO4, Ca5HP3O13, and NaAlSiO4 according to X-ray diffraction analysis and thermodynamic simulations. The WT addition reduced SO2 emission from the co-combustion. Our results can be benefited to provide pollution reduction, energy generation, performance improvement, scaling-up, and optimization for the industrial applications. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Thermal conversion behaviors and products of spent mushroom substrate in CO2 and N-2 atmospheres: Kinetic, thermodynamic, TG and Py-GC/MS analyses(Elsevier, 2019) Huang, Jianli; Zhang, Junhui; Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThis study aims at characterizing pyrolysis/gasification behaviors and products of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in the CO2 and N-2 atmospheres. The major decomposition stages occurred between 200 and 600 degrees C with the mass losses of 60.4 and 61.5% at 20 degrees C/min in the CO2 and N-2 atmospheres, respectively. The maximum mass loss rate grew with the increased heating rate, while DTG curves shifted toward a higher temperature. Volatiles were released easier in the N-2 than CO2 atmosphere with a higher comprehensive devolatilization index and decomposition rate. At above 750 degrees C, the char gasification in the CO2 atmosphere resulted in a significant mass loss as well as a less char yield. Average activation energies by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were estimated at 212 and 214 kJ/mol in the CO2 and N-2 atmospheres, respectively. The higher thermodynamic parameters in the N-2 than CO2 atmosphere indicated the higher reactivity of the pyrolysis in the N-2 atmosphere. The reaction mechanisms of the volatiles decomposition were best described by g(alpha) = (1-alpha)(-1)-1 (R2 model) in the range of 200-370 degrees C in both atmospheres. The major pyrolysis products at 800 degrees C were identified using Py-GC/MS and composed mostly of aromatic compounds such as toluene and x-methyl-naphthalenes.Öğe Thermal degradations and processes of waste tea and tea leaves via TG-FTIR: combustion performances, kinetics, thermodynamics, products and optimization(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Cai, Haiming; Zou, Huihuang; Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThe present study characterized the kinetic, thermodynamic and performance parameters, products, factorial interactions, and optimal conditions of combustions of waste tea (WT) and tea leaves (TL) in N-2/O-2 and CO2/O-2 atmospheres through a thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR). The main combustion occurred in the range of 200-600 degrees C. The increased heating rate increased all the combustion parameters regardless of the fuel and atmosphere type. Activation energy was shown different change tendency with the increasing conversion (alpha). CO2, H2O, CH4, CO, C=O, NH3, and HCN were the main gas products of WT and TL combustions. A three-way interaction among fuel type, atmosphere type and heating rate was found to be significant. The joint optimization of mass loss, derivative TG, and differential scanning calorimetry was achieved using 1049.3 degrees C, TL, 40 degrees C/min, and CO2/O-2 atmosphere for the operational settings of temperature, fuel type, heating rate, and atmosphere type, respectively.Öğe Thermodynamic behaviors of Cu in interaction with chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus and minerals during sewage sludge co-incineration(Chemical Industry Press, 2018) Liu, Jingyong; Liu, Chao; Sun, Guang; Xie, Wuming; Dang, Xiao'e; Kuo, Jiahong; Chang, Kenlin; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed to reveal effects of interactions among Cl, S, P and other minerals on Cu migration. Our results showed that HCl(g), SO2(g) and (P2O5)(2)(g) were released from the sewage sludge co-incineration. Cl was found to weaken adsorption of Cu by Al2O3, CaO and Fe2O3, while S delayed reactions of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 with Cu, with P having no effect on reactions between the minerals and Cu. Among the coupled systems of Cl,S and P, the co-existences of Cl and S, and Cl, S and P were determined to inhibit Cu volatilization, and the co-existence of Cl and P had an enhancing effect. Cu migration was affected only by S in the S and P system. With the SiO2, CaO and Al2O3 system, both Cl alone and Cl and P led to failed reactions between the minerals and Cu. In the systems of S, S and Cl, S and P, and S, Cl and P, the migration behavior of Cu was mainly affected by S at low temperatures and by Cl at high temperatures, whereas P had no effect on Cu migration during the entire process. (C) 2017 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.Öğe Thermogravimetric analysis of (co-)combustion of oily sludge and litchi peels: combustion characterization, interactions and kinetics(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Liu, Chao; Liu, Jingyong; Sun, Guang; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThe thermal characteristics and kinetics of oily sludge, litchi peels and their blends were comprehensively evaluated using thermogravimetric experiments under air atmosphere. Results showed that devolatilization, ignition and burnout indices of litchi peels were higher than those of oily sludge, with better combustion characteristics. However, co-combustion performance decreased with increased litchi peels & action. Such interactions as inhibition effect on devolatilization and promotion effect on char oxidation of oily sludge occurred. Average activation energy was estimated at 118.1 kJ/mol for oily sludge and 215.2 kJ/mol for litchi peels using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose integral method and reached its minimum value with the addition of 15%-20% litchi peels. Trend of activation energy was consistent with the interaction analysis during co-combustion process. Kinetic triplets were also estimated using the integral master-plots method, while the most suitable reaction model for three stages of oily sludge and their blends was proposed.Öğe Thermogravimetric and mass-spectrometric analyses of combustion of spent potlining under N-2/O-2 and CO2/O-2 atmospheres(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Sun, Guang; Zhang, Gang; Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Lu, Xingwen; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThermal decomposition and gaseous evolution of the spent potlining (SPL) combustion were quantified using thermogravimetric and mass-spectrometric analyses in CO2/O-2 and N-2/O-2 atmospheres using three heating rates (15, 20 and 25 degrees C/min). The thermal decomposition of SPL occurred mainly between 450 and 800 degrees C. Based on the four kinetic methods of Friedman, Starink, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa under the various conversion degrees (alpha) from 0.1 to 0.7, the lowest apparent activation energy was estimated at 149.81 kJ/mol in the 70% CO2 /30% O-2 atmosphere. The pre-exponential factor, and changes in entropy, enthalpy and free Gibbs energy were also estimated. The reaction model did not suggest a single reaction of the SPL combustion. With the alpha value of 0.25-0.7, the following function best described the reaction based on the Malek method: f(alpha) = 1/2 alpha and G(alpha) = ln alpha(2). The gases released during the combustion process included CO2, CO, NOx, HCN, and HF. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
