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Öğe Characterization of organochlorine pesticides and determination of pollution levels in surface water, ground water and soil samples: Including five districts of Bolu(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2011) Karadeniz, Hatice; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyBu çalışmada, toplam 75 yeraltı ve yüzey suyu ile 54 toprak örneği 2009 yılının yaz mevsiminde Bolu İli'nin beş ilçesinden toplanmıştır. Organoklorlu pestisitlerin mevsimsel değişimlerini gözlemlemek için 2009 yılının sonbahar mevsiminde 17 yüzey ve yeraltı suyu ve 17 toprak örneği sadece şehir merkezinden toplanmıştır. Yeraltı ve yüzey sularının ekstraksiyonu katı faz ekstraksiyon düzeneği ile yapılmıştır ve toprak örnekleri ultrasonik yöntemi kullanılarak ekstrakte edilmiştir. 19 OCP bileşiğinin konsantrasyonları gas kromatografisi-elektron yakalama dedektörü ile belirlenmiştir (GC-ECD). 19 OCP bileşiğinin belirlenmesi için metot validasyonu yapılmıştır. Fakat örneklerde 13 OCP bileşiği gözlemlenmiştir. Yaz mevsiminde alınan örneklerde birçok OCP bileşiğinin konsantrasyonu sonbahar mevsimindekinden yüksek çıkmıştır. Yeraltı sularında endosülfan sülfat ve DDT, yüzey sularında ?-HCH ve toprak örneklerinde endosülfan sülfat en fazla gözlemlenen pestisitlerdir. Ayrıca endosülfan sülfat su ve toprak örneklerinde en yüksek ortalama konsantrasyona sahiptir. Toprak ve yer altı suyu örneklerinde en yüksek toplam konsantrasyon Mudurnu ilçesinde gözlemlenmesine rağmen, yüzey suyu örneklerinde en yüksek konsantrasyon Seben ilçesinde gözlenmiştir. Toprak ve su örnekleri literature değerlerinden daha düşük değerlere sahiptir. Kontur haritalarının yardımıyla Bolu İli'nin beş ilçesinde OCP'lerin mekansal dağılımları değerlendirilmiştir. Genellikle, bu bölgede tarımsal uygulamalar su ve toprak kalitesini etkilemektedir. Fakat tarımsal olmayan alanlar pestisitlerden etkilenmiştir. Pestisit konsantrasyonları, her bir pestisit için Avrupa'da belirlenen yasal limitleri aşmamıştır.Öğe Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 at a suburban site in the northwestern part of Turkey(Vinca Inst Nuclear Sci, 2023) Karadeniz, Hatice; Sağırlı, Eda; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyIn this study, daily fine particulate matters (PM2.5) were sampled between Febru-ary 22, 2011 and February 22, 2012 in Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University Cam-pus. 277 PM2.5 samples were collected by using a stacked filter unit. The 51 ele-ments (Li, Be, Na, K, Mg, Al, P, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, W, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, Tl, Th, U) were determined using ICP-MS technique. The most frequently observed elements were Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ce, and Cd in PM2.5. Aluminum, Ca, Na, Fe, K, and Mg were the elements having the largest arithmetic means. The concentrations of elements in the summer seasons were higher than the concentrations of elements in the winter season except for As and Bi. Source apportionment of elements was performed by using positive matrix factorization. Five sources were determined for the samples namely sea salt (Na, K, Mg, Ca), coal combustion (As, Pb, Bi, Tl, Cd, Sb, Se, Mo), wood and coal combustion (K, Rb, Se, Cs, Sb, Pb, Bi, Tl, Fe, Mn, Cd), soil (Ca, Mg, Ti, Fe, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Th), and industrial activity - iron-steel works (Cr, Mo, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mn, Cd, Sb, Ca). The factor of wood and coal combustion showed the same trend in the region for the whole year.Öğe Composition and source apportionment of atmospheric particulate matter: Bolu case(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2017) Karadeniz, Hatice; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyAbant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi kampüsünde Mart 2013 - Şubat 2014 tarihleri arasında toplam 326 PM2.5-10 teflon filtre, 312 PM2.5 teflon filtre, 172 PM10 kuvars filtre ve 166 PM2.5 kuvars filtre örnekleri toplanmıştır. Teflon filtreler anyon(F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, Br-, SO4-2) ve katyon (Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2) ve elementlerin (Li, Be, Na , K, Mg, Al, P, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, W, Hg, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, Tl, Th, U) miktarlarını belirlemek için kullnılmıştır. Kuvars filtreler PM10 ve PM2.5 modlardaki organik karbonu (OK), elemental karbonu (EK) ve toplam karbonu (TK) değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. Analizler için ICP-MS, İyon Kromatografi ve termal/optik transmitans karbon analizörü kullanılmıştır. Her bir parametrenin ölçülen konsantrasyonları, istatistiksel mevsimsel ve zamansal olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kalsiyum, Al, Fe, Na, Mg ve K en fazla aritmetik ortalamalara sahiptirler. Toprak kaynaklı elementler en çok kaba fraksiyonda bulunurken, insan kaynaklı elementler en çok ince fraksiyonda bulunmuşlardır. Partikül madde aritmetik ortalama konsantrasyonları ve standart sapmaları ısınma olmayan sezonda daha az olarak bulunmuşlardır. Partikül madde konsantrasyonu, bazı örnekleme günlerinde 4856 sayılı Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığının kanunu tarafından belirlenen sınır değerlerden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. NO3-/SO42- oranları örnekleme alanının, hareketli emisyonlardan çok kömür yanmasından etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Katyonun anyona oranı ve çoklu lineer regrasyon sonucundan, partikül maddenin asidik olduğu bulunmuştur. OK ve EK arasındaki korelasyonlar aylık olarak yapılmıştır. Yüksek korelasyon katsayıları benzer kaynaklardan atıldıklarını göstermektedir. Birincil OK'nin konsantrasyonları genelde ikincil OK'nin konsantrasyonlarından daha fazladır. OK ve EK'nin konsantrasyonları ısınma sezonunda artan bir eğilim göstermektedir. Kaynak paylaşımı çalışmaları, zenginleşme faktörü hesaplamaları, rüzgar sektörü analizi, geri trajektöriler ve pozitif matriks faktörleme (PMF) kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Her iki fraksiyonda da insan kaynaklı elementler çok fazla zenginleşmiştir. Örnekleme alanındaki dominant rüzgar sektörü batı güney batıdır. Bu yönden lokal kaynaklar olmadığından, uzun mesafe taşınım ana kirlilik kaynağıdır. Kirlilik güllerinden bulunan insan kaynaklı kirleticiler için diğer kirlilik kaynakları şehir merkezi ve otobanlardır. Her iki partikül modunda da geri trajektörilerle birleştirilmiş PMF sonuçları örnekleme alanını etkileyen 8 faktör vermiştir. Kaba partiküller için bunlar trafik, kömür ve odun yanması, yaşlı aerosol, tarımsal aktiviteler, kirli toprak, demir-çelik işleri, toprak, deniz-uzun mesafe taşınımdır. Toprak (Sahra etkisi), şehir faktörü, deniz-uzun mesafe taşınım, kümes hayvanları sektörü, kömür ve biyokütle yakımı, trafik-madencilik, yaşlı aerosol, atık yakımı-demir çelik işleri ince partiküldeki kaynaklardır.Öğe Corrigendum to: The use of passive lichen biomonitoring in combination with positive matrix factor analysis and stable isotopic ratios to assess the metal pollution sources in throughfall deposition of Bolu plain, Turkey (vol 112, 106212, 2020)(Elsevier, 2021) Dörter, Melike; Karadeniz, Hatice; Saklangıç, Uğur; Yenisoy, Serpil KarakaşDüzeltme “The use of passive lichen biomonitoring in combination with positive matrix factor analysis and stable isotopic ratios to assess the metal pollution sources in throughfall deposition of Bolu plain, Turkey Orijinal makale:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106212Öğe Determination of melatonin hormone and neurotransmitters in cerebrospinal fluid: method validation and uncertainty calculations(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2018) Çetin, Özge Yetgin; Karadeniz, Hatice; Karakaş, Alper; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyThe uncertainty of measurement for well-known neurotransmitters like serotonin, noradrenalin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate and melatonin hormone with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection was calculated after the method validation. Two methods were developed for the determination of the neurotransmitters. A derivatization step was performed for the determination of GABA and glutamate. Sensitivity, method detection limit, limit of quantification, linearity, recovery, interday and intraday precision values were calculated. Low detection limit values were obtained especially for the determination of GABA and glutamate. Then, bottom-up approach was used to calculate measurement uncertainty. The critical stages of the method were evaluated. The major sources of the uncertainty budget were calibration curves, stock solution and recovery. The calculated percentage relative uncertainty values for the compounds changed between 10.1 and 16.7.Öğe Evaluation of hourly-based precipitation chemistry in suburban site of Bolu(Turkish Natl Committee Air Pollution Res & Control-Tuncap, 2020) Karadeniz, Hatice; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyPrecipitation chemistry is important for understanding atmospheric chemistry and transportation mechanism for a region. Therefore, 6-h rain samples were collected manually on the Black Sea Region of Turkey between March 2019 and May 2019. Totally, 21 wet deposition samples were collected in 12 rainy days. The collected rain samples were analyzed by ion chromatography for ions, including Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+. Volume weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of ions were calculated and were in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Cl- > SO42-> NO3- > Mg2+ > K+ > NH4+ > NO2-. The pH values of individual precipitation varied from 4.70 to 8.07. Anion to cation ratio was 0.74 +/- 0.34 thus it was an indication of anion deficiency. A strong correlation between NH4+ and SO42-, NH4+ and NO3-, Ca2+ and SO42-, Ca2+, and NO3- was found in the samples due to the neutralization process. The back trajectory model was used to find the long-range sources and the influence of air masses coming from Saharan, Europe, and the Black Sea. Calcium ion was found to be an effective ion in the neutralization processes by analysis of multiple linear regression and neutralization factor calculation. Approximately 79.5% of SO42- and 59.7% of NO3- were neutralized by Ca2+ and NH4+. The washout mechanism for Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ was dominantly observed on the March 12, 2019. Rainout mechanism was seen on the April 13, 2019 rain event due to the long-range transportation from Saharan Dust.Öğe Simultaneous quantification of real-world elemental contributions from the exhaust and non-exhaust vehicular emissions using road dust enrichment factor-elemental carbon tracer method (EFECT)(MDPI, 2023) Karakaş, Duran; Berberler, Ercan; Karşı, Melike Büşra Bayramoğlu; Demir, Tuğçe; Aslan, Özge; Karakaş, Serpil Yenisoy; Karadeniz, HaticeEmission control regulations have been essential in reducing vehicular exhaust emissions. However, the contribution of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions to ambient particulate matter (PM) has not yet been accurately quantified due to the lack of standardized sampling and measurement methods to set regulations. The identified sources and the source profiles generated have not been comparable as none of the emission data collection techniques and the receptor models applied in the literature have produced a standard or reference method to simultaneously identify and quantify the non-exhaust emission sources. This study utilized and thoroughly characterized PM samples including 32 major and trace elements from a mixed fleet in a mountain highway tunnel atmosphere in Bolu, Turkiye. This work proposed a two-stage, simple, and robust method based on road dust enrichment factor (EF) and elemental carbon (EC) tracer methods (EFECT) for the identification and prediction of the exhaust (exh), and non-exhaust (n-exh) emissions in PM. The indicated method revealed that road dust resuspension emissions are the most significant contributor to the concentrations of crustal elements. This method was used successfully to determine the real-world elemental contributions of road dust resuspension (rdrs), emissions (em), exhaust (exh), and non-exhaust (n-exh) emission sources to the elemental concentrations in PM samples. This study provided significant insights into generating actual source profiles, source-specific emission factors, and the source apportionment results for vehicular emission sources worldwide. Considering this, PM data of any particle size fraction (PM10, PM10-2.5, and PM2.5, for example) can be used as input for the EFECT, provided that the data include the analytical results of elemental carbon in both the atmospheric PM and road dust samples having similar PM sizes.Öğe Spatial distributions and seasonal variations of organochlorine pesticides in water and soil samples in Bolu, Turkey(Springer, 2015) Karadeniz, Hatice; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyIn this study, a total of 75 water samples (38 groundwater and 37 surface water samples) and 54 surface soil samples were collected from the five districts of Bolu, which is located in theWestern Black Sea Region of Turkey in the summer season of 2009. In the autumn season, 17 water samples (surface water and groundwater samples) and 17 soil samples were collected within the city center to observe the seasonal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Groundwater and surface water samples were extracted using solid phase extraction. Soil samples were extracted ultrasonically. Sixteen OCP compounds in the standard solution were detected by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Therefore, the method validation was performed for those 16 OCP compounds. However, 13 OCP compounds could be observed in the samples. The concentrations of most OCPs were higher in samples collected in the summer than those in the autumn. The most frequently observed pesticides were endosulfan sulfate and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in groundwater samples, alpha-HCH in surface water samples, and endosulfan sulfate in soil samples. The average concentration of endosulfan sulfate was the highest in water and soil samples. Compared to the literature values, the average concentrations in this study were lower values. Spatial distribution of OCPs was evaluated with the aid of contour maps for the five districts of Bolu. Generally, agricultural processes affected the water and soil quality in the region. However, non-agricultural areas were also affected by pesticides. The concentrations of pesticides were below the legal limits of European directives for each pesticide.Öğe The use of passive lichen biomonitoring in combination with positive matrix factor analysis and stable isotopic ratios to assess the metal pollution sources in throughfall deposition of Bolu plain, Turkey(Elsevier, 2020) Dörter, Melike; Karadeniz, Hatice; Saklangıç, Uğur; Yenisoy, Serpil KarakaşThe main objective of this study was to determine the elemental content of (51 elements) and stable isotope (delta C-13, delta N-15) content of lichen, Xanthoria parietina. The results were evaluated according to seasonal changes, pollution source, and altitudes. The data indicated that there is no significant impact of seasonal variation in concentrations of most of the elements and isotopes. The uptake efficiency of Xanthoria parietina and pine needle was compared and it was found out that significantly higher amounts of metals were accumulated by Xanthoria parietina than by pine needles. The lowest delta C-13 and the highest delta N-15 values were obtained in pine needle in both seasons. Both delta C-13 and delta N-15 showed increasing (for summer) and decreasing (for winter) trends with a rise in an altitude. Source apportionment of elements was performed by using positive matrix factorization (PMF) and supported by G-score maps. As a result, six sources were determined for the area namely urban environment, lichen nutrient elements, contaminated soil, traffic and mixed soil, lichen metabolism and coal combustion. The concentration pollution maps and G-score maps of Pb and Ba were similar and this was an indication of the vehicle emissions. The elements As, Bi and Tl signed the coal combustion.
