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    Application and use of Inulin as a tool for therapeutic drug delivery
    (Nottingham Univ Press, 2012) Imran, Shahwar; Gillis, Richard B.; Kök, Mehmet Şamil; Harding, Stephen E.; Adams, Gary G.
    Inulin is a polysaccharide with an extensive range of therapeutic uses such as a vehicle in drug delivery vehicle, as a diagnostic/analytical tool or as a dietary fibre with additional health benefits. In the main, much research has focussed on inulin as a drug delivery carrier for colon-targeted drug delivery. The justification for this is its potential to survive the stomach's acidic environment. This unique stability and strength is utilized in many ways to deliver drugs safely to colon, where they can be easily absorbed through the gut epithelium into the blood. Inulin based hydrodynamic research will be useful to discover the potential of inulin.
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    The effectiveness of lifestyle adaptation for the prevention of prediabetes in adults: a systematic review
    (Hindawi Ltd, 2017) Kerrison, George; Gillis, Richard B.; Jiwani, Shahwar Imran; Alzahrani, Qushmua; Kök, Şamil
    Diabetes prevalence is increasing exceptionally worldwide and with this come associated healthcare costs. The primary outcome of this systematic review was to assess glycaemic control and incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosis after exercise and dietary intervention (measured with any validated scale). The secondary outcome assessed body mass index change, weight change, and physical exercise capacity after diet and exercise intervention (measured with any validated scale). 1,780 studies were identified from searching electronic databases. Relevant studies went through a selection process. The inclusion criteria for all studies were people with prediabetes diagnosed by either impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Lifestyle adaptation reduced the incidence of diabetes development more than standard treatment. Furthermore, better glycaemic control, improved physical exercise capacity, and increased weight reduction were observed with lifestyle intervention over standard treatment. Finally, improvements over the long term deteriorated, highlighting problems with long-term adherence to lifestyle changes. Overall, cumulative incidence of diabetes is drastically reduced in the intervention groups compared to control groups (standard care). Furthermore, glycaemic control was improved in the short term, with many participants reverting to normoglycaemia.
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    Isolation and biophysical characterisation of bioactive polysaccharides from cucurbita moschata (butternut squash)
    (Mdpi, 2020) Jiwani, Shahwar Imran; Gillis, Richard B.; Besong, David; Almutairi, Fahad; Erten, Tayyibe; Kök, Mehmet Şamil; Harding, Stephen E.
    Cucurbits are plants that have been used frequently as functional foods. This study includes the extraction, isolation, and characterisation of the mesocarp polysaccharide ofCucurbita moschata. The polysaccharide component was purified by gel filtration into three fractions (NJBTF1, NJBTF2, and NJBTF3) of different molecular weights. Characterisation includes the hydrodynamic properties, identification of monosaccharide composition, and bioactivity. Sedimentation velocity also indicated the presence of small amounts of additional discrete higher molecular weight components even after fractionation. Sedimentation equilibrium revealed respective weight average molecular weights of 90, 31, and 19 kDa, with the higher fractions (NJBTF1 and NJBTF2) indicating a tendency to self-associate. Based on the limited amount of data (combinations of 3 sets of viscosity and sedimentation data corresponding to the 3 fractions), HYDFIT indicates an extended, semi-flexible coil conformation. Of all the fractions obtained, NJBTF1 showed the highest bioactivity. All fractions contained galacturonic acid and variable amounts of neutral sugars. To probe further, the extent of glycosidic linkages in NJBTF1 was estimated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), yielding a high galacturonic acid content (for pectin polysaccharide) and the presence of fructans-the first evidence of fructans (levan) in the mesocarp. Our understanding of the size and structural flexibility together with the high bioactivity suggests that the polysaccharide obtained fromC. moschatahas the potential to be developed into a therapeutic agent.
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    Matrix-free hydrodynamic study on the size distribution and conformation of three technical lignins from wood and non-wood
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2016) Alzahrani, Qushmua; Adams, Gary; Gillis, Richard B.; Besong, Tabot; Kök, Mehmet Şamil
    Molecular weight (MW) and related conformational data of three commercially available technical lignins (Alcell L, kraft L, and soda L) have been studied by means of analytical ultracentrifugation, taking advantage of some recent developments in both sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium determinations. The lignins were dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (with ca. 90% solubility), and solutions were studied with regards to their oligomeric state, heterogeneity profiles (distribution of sedimentation coefficients), and molecular weight distributions (MWD). Alcell L and soda L have similar properties showing one major low MW component and two minor high MW components, whereas kraft L appears to be larger and more uniform, i.e., it shows a more mono-disperse MWD. Weight average molecular weight (M-w) data from sedimentation equilibrium obtained by the new SEDFIT-MSTAR procedure in conjunction with MULTISIG analysis were found to be similar to 18 kDa (Alcell L), 25 kDa (kraft L), and 15 kDa (soda L). Further analysis of the data by means of the routines MULTISIG and M_INVEQ confirmed the presence of additional components in Alcell L and soda L, and the larger size and high degree of mono-dispersity of kraft L. The intrinsic viscosity data of the three lignins were found to be very similar in the range of 22-24 ml g(-1), and all data were consistent with an elongated plate shape molecular structure with an equivalent discoid aspect ratio similar to 30.
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    Molecular weight distribution analysis by ultracentrifugation : adaptation of a new approach for mucins
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2013) Gillis, Richard B.; Adams, Gary G.; Wolf, Bettina; Berry, Monica; Besong, Tabot M. D.; Kök, Şamil Mehmet
    Mucins are the key macromolecular component of mucus, nature's natural lubricant, and one of the most important physical properties is their molecular weight distribution. A new approach for polydisperse polymers was recently published based on sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge and converts a distribution of sedimentation coefficient g(s) vs. s plot into a distribution of molecular weight utilising the power-law or scaling relationship between the sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight, s = kappa(s) M-w(b) where s is the sedimentation coefficient, M-w, is the weight average molecular weight and kappa(s) and bare characteristic coefficients related to conformation. We investigate the possibility of using a large database of previously published values of s an M to define kappa(s) and b for both aqueous solution and aqueous solution supplemented by 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (a solvent which helps to minimise sample degradation). These values are then applied to a study of the molecular weight distributions of preparations of human gastric mucin in the different solvents and at different stages of purification. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Recent advances in the analysis of macromolecular interactions using the matrix-free method of sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge
    (MDPI AG, 2015) Harding, Stephen E; Gillis, Richard B.; Almutairi, Fahad; Erten, Tayyibe; Kök, Mehmet Şamil
    Sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge is a matrix free solution technique with no immobilisation, columns, or membranes required and can be used to study self-association and complex or “hetero”-interactions, stoichiometry, reversibility and interaction strength of a wide variety of macromolecular types and across a very large dynamic range (dissociation constants from 10-12 M to 10-1 M). We extend an earlier review specifically highlighting advances in sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge applied to protein interactions and mucoadhesion and to review recent applications in protein self-association (tetanus toxoid, agrin), protein-like carbohydrate association (aminocelluloses), carbohydrate-protein interactions (polysaccharide-gliadin), nucleic-acid protein (G-duplexes), nucleic acid-carbohydrate (DNA-chitosan) and finally carbohydrate-carbohydrate (xanthan-chitosan and a ternary polysaccharide complex) interactions. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.