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Öğe An assessment of spatial distribution and atmospheric concentrations of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes: ozone formation potential and health risk estimation in Bolu city of Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Dörter, Melike; Türk, Esra Mağat; Döğeroğlu, Tuncay; Üzmez, Özlem Özden; Gaga, Eftade Emine; Karakaş, Duran; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyAtmospheric pollutants including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) compounds were evaluated concerning their spatial distribution, temporal variation, and health risk factor. Bolu plateau where sampling was performed has a densely populated city center, semi-rural areas, and forested areas. Additionally, the ozone formation potentials of BTEXs were calculated, and toluene was found to be the most important compound in ground level ozone formation. The spatial distribution of BTEXs and nitrogen dioxide pollution maps showed that their concentrations were higher around the major roads and city center, while rural-forested areas were found to be rich in ozone. BTEXs and nitrogen dioxide were found to have higher atmospheric concentrations in winter. That was mostly related to the source strength and low mixing height during that season. The average toluene to benzene ratios demonstrated that there was a significant influence of traffic emissions in the region. Although there was no significant change in sulfur dioxide concentrations in the summer and winter seasons of 2017, the differences in the spatial distribution showed that seasonal sources such as domestic heating and intensive outdoor barbecue cooking were effective in the atmospheric presence of this pollutant. The lifetime cancer risk through inhalation of benzene was found to be comparable with the limit value (1 x 10(-6)) recommended by USEPA. On the other hand, hazard ratios for BTEXs were found at an acceptable level for different outdoor environments (villages, roadside, and city center) for both seasons.Öğe Bolu Atmosferinde Gaz Fazı Kirleticilerin Uzun Vadeli, Alansal Değişiminin İncelenmesi: Yüksek Ozon Konsantrasyonlarına Biyojenik Uçucu Bileşiklerin Katkısı(2019) Karakaş, Serpil Yenisoy; Odabaşi, Mustafa; Üzmez, Özlem Özden; Döğeroğlu, Tuncay; Gaga, Eftade Emine; Karakaş, DuranAtmosferde bulunan bir takım kirleticilerin insan saglıgı ve çevre üzerine olumsuz etkileri dikkat çekici boyutlara gelmistir. Bu kapsamda, projemizde toplam 69 adet uçucu organik bilesik (UOB) (antropojenik-insan kaynaklı, biyojenik), azot oksitler (NOx), kükürt dioksit (SO2) ve ozon (O3) kirleticilerinin Bolu atmosferindeki derisimleri, olusum mekanizmaları ve olası kaynakları degerlendirilmeye alınmıstır. Kirleticilerin derisimlerinin belirlenmesinde aktif ve pasif örnekleme tekniklerinden yararlanılmıstır. Inorganik kirleticilerin (azot oksitler, kükürt dioksit ve ozon) aktif örnekleme çalısmaları 12 Ocak 2017 ve 21 Ocak 2018 tarihleri aralıgında BAIBÜ kampüsünde bulunan O3, NOx ve SO2 analizörlerini içeren sabit istasyonda gerçeklestirilmistir. UOB?lerin aktif ölçümleri ise sıralı otomatik örnekleyici kullanılarak Nisan, Mayıs, Haziran, Temmuz, Agustos 2017 ve Ocak 2018 tarihlerinde gerçeklestirilmistir. Pasif örnekleme ise kıs döneminde (28 Ocak 2017-12 Subat 2017 ) ve yaz döneminde (7 Temmuz 2017-23 Temmuz 2017 ) tamamlanmıstır. Pasif örnekleme çalısmalarında, NO2, SO2 ve ozon Eskisehir Teknik Üniversitesi (Anadolu Üniversitesi) Çevre Mühendisligi Bölümü Hava Kirliligi Arastırma Ekibi tarafından gelistirilen pasif örnekleyicilerle toplanmıs ve analizleri iyon kromotografi (IC) cihazında yapılmıstır. UOB?ler ise Tenax-TA üzerine toplanmıs ve Termal Desorpsiyon Gaz Kromatografisi Kütle Spektrometresi (TD-GCMS) sisteminde analizlenmistir. Pasif örnekleme ile Bolu ili sehir merkezi atmosferinde tespit edilen kirletici (SO2, NO2, O3 ve UOB) derisimleri, mekânsal-mevsimsel egilimlerin, olası kaynak bölgelerin, kirleticilerin birbirleriyle ve meteorolojik faktörlerle korelasyonlarının degerlendirilmesinde kullanılmıstır. Aktif örnekleme teknigi ise bahsedilen bilesiklerin zamansal degisiminin ve birbirleriyle/meteorolojik faktörlerle iliskilerinin degerlendirilmesinde kullanılmıstır. Pozitif Matriks Faktörleme (PMF) analizleri sonucunda çözücü buharlasması, tasıt emisyonları, evsel ısınma ve biyojenik salınımlar Bolu sehir merkezinde etkili olan kirlilik kaynakları olarak belirlenmistir. UOB ve NO2?nin ozon ile korelasyonlarının incelenmesi sonucunda; n-hexane, beta-Pinene, alpha-pinene, benzene, limonene, p-cymene, camphene, camphor, toluene, m+p xylene, n-propylbenzene, isoprene, 2-methylfuran, crotonaldehyde, styrene ve naphthalene ozon olusum mekanizmasında etkili bilesikler olarak belirlenmistir. Ayrıca, biyojenik ve antropojenik UOB emisyonlarının yanısıra atmosferde yeterli NOx varlıgının ozon olusumunda etkin rol oynadıgı tespit edilmistir.Öğe Elemental characterization of general aviation aircraft emissions using moss bags(Springer Heidelberg, 2019) Turgut, Enis Turhan; Gaga, Eftade Emine; Jovanovic, Gordana; Odabaşı, Mustafa; Artun, Gülzade; Arı, Akif; Urosevic, Mira AnicicIn light of growing concern and insufficient knowledge on the negative impact of aircraft emissions on environmental health, this study strives to investigate the air burden of major and trace elements caused by general aviation, piston-engine, and turboprop aircraft, within the vicinity of Eskisehir Hasan Polatkan Airport (Eskisehir, Turkey). The levels of 57 elements were investigated, based on moss bag biomonitoring using Sphagnum sp., along with chemical analyses of lubrication oil and aviation gasoline fuel used in the aircraft's operations. Five sampling sites were selected within the vicinity of the airport area to capture spatial changes in the concentration of airborne elements. The study demonstrates that moss bag biomonitoring is a useful tool in the identification of differences in the air burden by major and trace elements that have concentrated downwind of the aircraft emission sources. Moreover, pollutant enrichment in the Sphagnum moss bags and elemental characterization of oil/fuel are in agreement suggesting that Pb, followed by Cd, Cu, Mo, Cr, Ni, Fe, Si, Zn, Na, P, Ca, Mg, and Al are dominant elements that shaped the general aviation aircraft emissions.Öğe Estimation of measurement uncertainty of polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-electron capture detector(Elsevier Science Bv, 2014) Aslan-Sungur, Güler; Gaga, Eftade Emine; Karakaş, Serpil YenisoyEstimation of uncertainty of measurement is a crucial issue to achieve accurate measurement results. When the target has adverse environmental and health effects, accuracy of the results become more important. POPs are the pollutants that have toxic effects and unfortunately, there is a lack of information about uncertainty of the method for determining POPs in air samples. In this work, uncertainty calculations were carried out for PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs in air samples analyzed by using GC-MS and GC-ECD. The main dominant sources for combined uncertainty were calibration curve, recovery and repeatability. The relative uncertainties were found to be in the range of 23-52% for PCBs, 24-59% for OCPs and 23-90% for PAHs. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Multi-elemental characterization of semolina samples by inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS)(Springernature, 2022) Arı, Akif; Arı, Pelin Ertürk; Ermişer, Dönüş; Cındık, Betül; Yalçın, Erkan; Gaga, Eftade EmineThe precise characterization of the elemental composition of cereals and cereal products is becoming crucial to assess their nutritional values, geographical labeling, and also toxicological profile. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has become popular for the elemental analysis of foods in recent years. Analytical performance of the inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) is improved with a reaction/collision cell that provides an interference-free analysis of most of the elements including phosphorus and sulfur. In this study, an analytical method was optimized for the quantification of 57 elements using ICP-MS/MS technique and validated for 25 elements that were available in certified reference materials (CRMs). Then, the mineral contents of semolina samples obtained from the durum wheat (Triticum durum) cultivars were analyzed according to the validation procedure. Recoveries of the elements were found in the range of 92-108% for the digested CRM. The method was robust for all elements and the results indicated good precision for the analytical method. The inter- and intra-day precision values were found below 5%, and in the range of 0.11-3.31% and 0.09-4.51%, respectively. Analyzed elements showed significant variability among the semolina samples. The variety and growing conditions might have influences on the elemental composition of semolina samples.Öğe Organic pollutant exposure and health effects of cooking emissions on kitchen staff in food services(Wiley-Hindawi, 2022) Varlı, Semra Navruz; Bilici, Saniye; Arı, Akif; Arı, Pelin Ertürk; İlhan, Mustafa Necmi; Gaga, Eftade EmineThis study was conducted to determine the exposure and health risk to cooking fumes of a total of 88 volunteer kitchen staff aged between 18 and 65 years working in five different kitchens in Ankara. Gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compound (VOCs) concentrations were evaluated in the indoor air of 5 kitchens. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed to determine the oxidative damage as a result of the exposure to cooking fumes among the cooks and waiters. Significant positive relationships were found between serum MDA levels of the hot kitchen workers and indoor chrysene (Chr), indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene (Ind), and total VOC levels. Although the carcinogenic risks estimated for the exposed population were between the acceptable/tolerable levels, the hazard quotient (HQ) estimated for the exposure to indoor benzene exceeded the safe level. The results of the study revealed that exposure to organic pollutants in indoor air may be a risk factor for the development of oxidative stress, especially in hot kitchen workers. The importance of efficient ventilation in the kitchen has been pointed out to reduce health risks caused by cooking fumes.
