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Allium arsuzense sp. nov. and A. roseum subsp. gulekense subsp. nov. from Turkey
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Koyuncu, Mehmet; Eker, İsmail
A new species, Allium arsuzense Eker & Koyuncu sp. nov. and a new subspecies, Allium roseum L. subsp. gulekense Koyuncu & Eker subsp. nov. (Alliaceae) from Turkey are described. Diagnostic characters, descriptions, detailed illustrations, geographical distribution, conservation status, observations and taxonomic comments on the new taxa are provided. They are also compared with the closely related A. ertugrulii Demirelma & Uysal and A. roseum L. subsp. roseum.
Allium mehmetyaschari (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from southern Anatolia, Turkey
(Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board, 2023) Eker, İsmail
Allium mehmetyaschari Eker sp. nova (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from the Province of Adana, southern Anatolia, Turkey. It is morphologically similar to A. sintenisii and A. erzincanicum in having bearded outer tepals. However, it clearly differs from A. sintenisii by having e.g., smaller bulb, stem and leaves; fewer bulblets; different sheath indumentum; different shape and size of umbel; shorter pedicels; smaller flowers and reproductive organs; different perigone colour; different indumentum structure on outer tepals; smooth inner tepals; and smaller capsule and seeds. It differs from A. erzincanicum mainly in tunic type; leaf structure; densely scabrid sheaths; umbel shape; indumentum shape on outer tepals; smooth inner tepals; ratio of central cup to lateral cups; anther colour; and in having bulblets. Herein, the morphological features, a comprehensive description, habitat and ecological characteristics, detailed images, conservation assessment and micromorphological characteristics of the seeds of A. mehmetyaschari are provided.
Allium olivieri Boiss. (Alliaceae), a new taxon to Turkey, with contributions to its taxonomy
(Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne, 2011) Eker, İsmail; Koyuncu, Mehmet
Allium olivieri Boiss. (Alliaceae) is reported as a new record for Turkish flora. It was identified using the collected specimens and Flora orientalis, Flora of Iraq and Flora Iranica. The detailed description, illustrations, geographical distribution, habitat, status of IUCN extinction risk and some comments and discussions on the taxonomy of the species are given.
Capparis L. (Kebere) cinsinin GAP (Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi) bölgesindeki işlenmesi, ihracatı ve son populasyon durumu
(2004) Akan, Hasan; Aslan, Mustafa; Eker, İsmail
Capparis ovata Desf. var. palaestina Zoh. (kebere) ve Capparis spinosa L. var. spinosa bitkileri GAP (Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi) bölgesinde doğal yayılış gösteren ve ihracatı yapılan önemli bitkilerdendir. Bu çalışmada, kebere bitkisinin kimler tarafından toplandığı, toplanma biçimi ve ülkemizdeki ihracat miktarlarının ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma ile bitkinin doğadaki son populasyon durumu tespit edilmiş ve çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. Bu araştırma, 2003- 2004 yılları arasında bitkinin en yoğun toplandığı GAP bölgesi sınırları içerisinde yapılmış ve bu işle uğraşan kişiler, fabrikalar ve firmalar arasında aracılık yapan birçok kişi ve kuruluşlarla görüşülerek veriler ortaya konmuştur. Çalışmalar sonucunda, başta ABD olmak üzere, İspanya ve diğer Avrupa ülkeleri, Ortadoğu ve Uzakdoğu ülkelerine yıllık ortalama 3.000 ton işlenmemiş ve 3.500 ton işlenmiş kebere bitkisinin çiçek tomurcukları ve meyvelerinin ihraç edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada bitkinin arazide nasıl toplandığı, fabrikada nasıl işlendiği ve tomurcuk ile meyvelerinin paketlenme basamakları da fotoğraflarla verilmiştir.
Check-list of the genus Colchicum in the Flora of Turkey
(2005) Akan, Hasan; Eker, İsmail
A check-list of the genus Colchicum L. in the Flora Turkey is presented, with 36 taxa. A list of taxonomical changes that have occurred since the publication of the Flora of Turkey suppl. 11 is given. Twenty-seven of them are autumn-flowering species (28 taxa), whereas 8 of them are early-spring species. Thirty-five species (36 taxa) are presented, of which 15 are endemic to Turkey.
Direct somatic embryogenesis from hypocotyl segments of Digitalis trojana Ivan and subsequent plant regeneration
(Elsevier, 2012) Verma, Sandeep Kumar; Şahin, Günce; Yücesan, Buhara; Eker, İsmail; Şahbaz, Nevin; Gürel, Songül; Gürel, Ekrem
This study describes, for the first time, an in vitro protocol for the direct development of somatic embryos and subsequent plant regeneration from hypocotyl segments excised from 21-days-old in vitro-germinated seedlings of Digitalis trojana Ivan (Helen of troy foxglove). Two sets of experiments were carried out, the first compared different concentrations of four cytokinins: N6-benzyladenine [BAP], 6-furfurylaminopurine [kinetin], 1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)-urea [TDZ], and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino) purine [zeatin] I alone, while the second set tested TDZ or BAP combinations with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) or NAA (alpha-naphthalene acetic acid). In the first set of experiments, TDZ was found the most effective at 1.0 mg/l concentration, producing a mean of 10.7 somatic embryos per explant. In the second set, a combination of 1.0 mg/l TDZ with 0.5 mg/l IAA produced significantly more somatic embryos per explant (13.8 embryos) than with BAP (8.8 embryos). During subculture on growth regulator-free half-strength MS medium, somatic embryos gradually developed into plantlets. Regenerated plantlets were successfully transplanted and grown in a greenhouse environment. The efficient regeneration protocol reported here provides an important method of micropropagation of this plant. Furthermore, this protocol may be used for a large-scale production of cardenolides and genetic transformation of this valuable medicinal plant for its further improvement. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ethnobotanical culture of geophytes in sakarya province, Turkey cultura etnobotanica de geofitos en la provincia de Sakarya, Turquia
(Soc Botanica Mexico, 2023) Sağıroğlu, Mehmet; Eker, İsmail; Semerci, Alican Bahadır; Karaduman, Didem
Background: Limited number of studies have been conducted to determine the ethnobotanical uses of geophytes and to scientifically document traditional knowledge associated with them.Questions: What is the ethnobotanical usage culture of geophytes in Sakarya province? Studied species: Geophytes.Study site and dates: Sakarya, Turkey; 2017 to 2020.Methods: Information in the local community was obtained through face to face or collective interviews. In addition, cultural importance index (CII) and the informant consensus factor (ICF) values were calculated.Results: In this study, the knowledge of the local public about 115 geophytes (107 natural and eight cultivated) belonging to 26 families was revealed. The most common families are Asparagaceae (23 taxa), Iridaceae (21 taxa) and Amaryllidaceae (14 taxa). The most common genera are Crocus (12 taxa), Orchis (7 taxa) and Allium (6 taxa). Out of a total of 115 taxa, 226 uses are reported, including 128 folk remedies, 47 ornamental plants, 48 food and three the other uses. The most widely used plant according to cultural importance index is Leucojum aestivum (Golsogani, CII: 2.57).Conclusion: Our interviews revealed that the geophytes in the study area are still widely used by people in their daily lives for medicinal, food and floricultural purposes. In addition, the ethnobotanical uses of Crocus speciosus subsp. sakariensis, Crocus keltepensis, Fritillaria bithynica and Muscari pamiryigidii are reported for the first time in Turkey.
The flora of Kaşmer Dağı (Şanlıurfa, Turkey)
(2005) Akan, Hasan; Kaya, Ömer Faruk; Eker, İsmail; Cevheri, Cenap
This research was carried out from 2001 to 2004 in order to determine the flora of Kaşmer Dağı. The research area is situated in Şanlıurfa province and within C7 of the grid system. In the area, 262 taxa belonging to 47 families, and 156 genera were determined. Of all the collected specimens, 33 taxa are new records for C7, and 10 taxa are endemic for Turkey. According to the floristic regions, Irano-Turanian elements ranked first with a rate of 35.87%, followed by Mediterranean elements with a rate of 11.83% and Euro-Siberian elements with a rate of 1.9%. Some 50.4% of the determined species were widespread and of unknown phytogeographic region. The families with the most taxa in the research area are Fabaceae (57), Asteraceae (31), Poaceae (26), Lamiaceae (17) and Apiaceae (14). Concerning the number of species, the major genera in this region are as follows: Trifolium L. (13), Astragalus L. (7), Medicago I. (6), Centaurea I. (6), Hypericum L (5), Geranium'L. (5), Vida L. (5), Lathyrus I. (5), Trigonella L (5) and Hordeum I. (5). According to the life forms, therophytes come first with a rate of 51.14% in the region, followed by hemicryptophytes (31.69%), geophytes (9.16%), phanerophytes (3.05%) and chamaephytes (4.96%).
Fritillaria ecerii (Liliaceae), a new species from Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey
(Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board, 2023) Eker, İsmail; Balos, Mehmet Maruf
Fritillaria ecerii Balos & Eker sp. nova (Liliaceae) is described from the province of Mardin, SE Anatolia, Turkey. It is morphologically similar to F. melananthera in having a striped perigone, to F. caucasica and F. baskilensis in having a long style, and to F. assyriaca in having the same number of leaves. However, it clearly differs from F. melananthera and F. assyriaca mainly by its smooth style, longer filaments and more numerous bracts, and from F. caucasica and F. baskilensis mainly by its striped perigone and more numerous bracts. Diagnostic characteristics, a description, images, and a conservation assessment are provided.
Fritillaria umitkaplanii (Liliaceae), a new species from south Anatolia
(Wiley, 2023) Eker, İsmail; Teksen, Mehtap
Fritillaria umitkaplanii Eker & Teksen sp. nov. (Liliaceae) is described as a new species from Turkey. It is morphologically similar to F. armena, F. pinardii and F. assyriaca, but differs from F. armena mainly by its canaliculate and broader leaves, perigone colour and shape, thin filament and anther colour; from F. pinardii by its canaliculate leaves, perigone colour, nectary characteristics, unbranched style and thin filament; and from F. assyriaca by its median leaves and bract longer than inflorescence, shape of median leaves, perigone colour, thin filament and style. Diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, conservation assessment, identification key, observations and taxonomic comments regarding the new species are given.
The geophytic flora of Şanlıurfa province, Turkey
(2008) Eker, İsmail; Koyuncu, Mehmet; Akan, Hasan
This study was carried out between 2001 and 2004 to determine the geophytic flora of Şanlıurfa, located within C6, C7, and C8 of the grid system in Turkey. In all, 789 plant specimens that consisted of 104 taxa belonging to 13 families and 30 genera were gathered from the investigation area. Of all the collected specimens, 19 taxa were new records for C6, C7, and C8, and 11 taxa were endemic to Turkey. Scilla mesopotamica Speta, which was first collected from Şanlıurfa-Halfeti in 1888 by Sintenis and was considered a missing species, was rediscovered after 116 years during this study. Colchicum crocifolium Boiss. was also determined as a new record for Turkey. According to floristic regions, Irano-Turanian elements ranked first among the specimens, accounting for 47.12%, followed by Mediterranean elements (25.00%) and Euro-Siberian elements (0.96%). Some of the identified species (26.92%) were widespread and of unknown phytogeographic origin. In addition, 86.54% of the collected taxa were determined to be monocotyledons and the remaining (13.46%) were dicotyledons. The families with the most taxa in the research area were Liliaceae (59) and Iridaceae (14). Concerning the number of species, the major genera in this region were as follows: Allium L. (17), Ornithogalum L. (10), Gagea Salisb. (9), Bellevalia Lapeyr. (6), and Iris L. (6). Moreover, of all collected taxa, 57.69% were bulbous, 21.15% were tuberous, 17.31% were cormous, and 3.85% were rhizomous. Concerning flowering time, 93.27% of the taxa bloomed in early-spring and spring, while 6.73% bloomed in autumn.
Gladiolus aladagensis (Iridaceae), a new species from Turkey
(Magnolia Press, 2021) Sağıroğlu, Mehmet; Eker, İsmail
Gladiolus aladagensis is described and illustrated as a new species from Bolu province in Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Gladiolus aladagensis is morphologically close to G. italicus and G. kotschyanus. In this study, the diagnostic morphological features, distribution, conservation status, habitat and ecological characteristics of the new species are discussed. Micromorphological characteristics of G. aladagensis, G. italicus and G. kotschyanus seeds are also examined and compared using LM and SEM analyses. In addition, a new diagnostic key is given for all species of Gladiolus in Turkey.
Gladiolus izzet-baysalii (Iridaceae, Crocoideae), a new species from Turkey
(Magnolia Press, 2021) Eker, İsmail; Sağıroğlu, Mehmet
Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is described and illustrated as a new species from Karaman province in Southern Anatolia. Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is not morphologically close to any of the species of Gladiolus in Turkey. Although it has some similarities with G. illyricus and G. hamzaoglui in terms of habitus, G. izzet-baysalii differs significantly in tunic structure, number of leaves, inflorescence, perianth, anther, style, capsule and seed features. In this study, the diagnostic morphological features, distribution, conservation status, habitat and ecological characteristics of the new species are discussed. Micromorphological characteristics of G. izzet-baysalii, G. illyricus and G. hamzaoglui seeds are also examined and compared using stereomi-croscope and SEM analyses.
In vitro propagation and cardenolide profiling of Digitalis ferruginea subsp schischkinii, a medicinally important foxglove species with limited distribution in Northern Turkey
(Springer, 2016) Yücesan, Buhara; Mohammed, Aliyu; Eker, İsmail; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Demir-Ordu, Öznur; Cihangir, Cansu; Şahbaz, Nevin; Kaya, Özge; Gürel, Ekrem
Cardenolides isolated from genus Digitalis are natural compounds used in treating cardiac insufficiencies. Recent investigations have also suggested the use of cardenolides in oncology. Due to the medicinal importance of the genus Digitalis, in vitro regeneration techniques would be useful for propagating the best genotypes selected from natural sources. To achieve this, Digitalis ferruginea subsp. schischkinii (Ivanina) K. Werner was collected from different locations along the Black Sea region of Turkey. In the cardenolide analysis, samples from Giresun and Trabzon showed a greater diversity than those from other locations, and thus, the Trabzon population was selected for plant tissue culture studies. In vitro regeneration was performed using cotyledonary leaves and hypocotyl segments on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg L-1) of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), or thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 0.5 or 1.0 mg L-1. Among the media used for shoot regeneration, the highest frequency of shoot organogenesis was obtained from MS medium containing 2.0 mg L-1 TDZ and 0.5 mg L-1 IAA, producing 11.0 shoots per explant with 100% regeneration frequency from hypocotyl explants after 4 wk. For successful rooting, IAA was the most effective at 1.0 or 2.0 mg L-1, producing 16.3 or 17.3 roots per shoot, respectively, after 4 wk. Regenerants from several medium types were grown in a greenhouse for 6 mo, and all displayed similar cardenolide contents, i.e., the lanatoside C level was around 0.3% (w/w) while the levels of lanatosides A and B, digoxin, and digitoxin were less than 0.08% (w/w), similar to plants grown from seeds collected from Trabzon district.
In vitro regeneration and cardenolide determination of an endemic foxglove, Digitalis cariensis (Aegean Foxglove)
(Springer, 2015) Mohammed, Aliyu; Yücesan, Buhara; Demir-Ordu, Öznur; Cihangir, Cansu; Eker, İsmail; Gürel, Ekrem
The genus Digitalis L. is one of the most pharmacologically important plant genera because many Digitalis species produce cardenolides, which are commonly used for cardiac insufficiencies. In this study, different pretreatments were employed to increase germination of Digitalis cariensis seeds, which germinate poorly because of extensive dormancy. Seed germination was improved when seeds were pretreated by scarification followed by soaking in sterile distilled water overnight. In addition, the regeneration capacity of four different types of explants (cotyledonary leaf, root, hypocotyl, or flamingo-bill-type [FBT]) was tested on Linsmaier and Skoog (LS), Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborg's B5 (B5) medium containing no plant growth regulators or supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with 0.25 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Among the explants tested, only FBT explants regenerated. The highest mean number of shoots was produced on LS medium supplemented with a combination of 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ and 0.25 mg L-1 IAA, producing 3.9 shoots per FBT explant after 4 wk of incubation. Regenerated shoots were rooted on LS medium containing different concentrations of IAA or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg L-1). The greatest number of roots developed on medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 IAA, which produced 5.6 roots per shoot after 3 wk of culture. Cardenolides were profiled by HPLC analysis from basal leaves of D. cariensis plants from natural populations and from in vitro-derived plantlets. There was no significant difference in lanatoside contents (A, B, and C) between the two sources. Digoxin and digitoxin were not detected in either source.
Last two hundred individuals: Rediscovery of scilla mesopotamia speta (Hyacinthaceae), a threatened endemic species in Turkey
(Polish Botanical Society, 2010) Eker, İsmail; Akan, Hasan
In this paper, the rediscovery of endemic and long missing species, Scilla mesopotamica Speta which had been only known from the type gathering, is given. The species has not been collected again after Sintenis in 1888, whose specimens served Speta for description of the new taxon. In 2004, the authors found it in a steppic rocky area, near Halfeti in Şanliurfa province, South East Anatolia, Turkey. After analyzing Sintenis' original collection notes, they concluded that this area is identical with the type locality. 5. mesopotamica has an extremely limited distribution and is represented by less than 200 specimens in the single known population that covers less than 50 m2. Taxonomy of the species, detailed description with illustrations, geographical distribution, habitat, ecology and status of IUCN extinction risk and some comments on conservation of the plant are also presented.
Last two hundred individuals: rediscovery of Scilla mesopotamica Speta [Hyacinthaceae], a threatened endemic species in Turkey
(Polskie Towarzystwo Botaniczne, 2010) Eker, İsmail; Akan, Hasan
In this paper, the rediscovery of endemic and long missing species, Scilla mesopotamica Speta which had been only known from the type gathering, is given. The species has not been collected again after Sintenis in 1888, whose specimens served Speta for description of the new taxon. In 2004, the authors found it in a steppic rocky area, near Halfeti in Sanliurfa province, South East Anatolia, Turkey. After analyzing Sintenis' original collection notes, they concluded that this area is identical with the type locality. S. mesopotamica has an extremely limited distribution and is represented by less than 200 specimens in the single known population that covers less than 50 m(2). Taxonomy of the species, detailed description with illustrations, geographical distribution, habitat, ecology and status of IUCN extinction risk and some comments on conservation of the plant are also presented.
Munzur Vadisi (Tunceli) ve yakın çevresinin geofit florası
(2017) Babacan, Ebru Yüce; Eker, İsmail
Bu çalışma, Tunceli İli Munzur Vadisi geofit florasını tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma alanı Davis'in kareleme sistemine göre B7 karesindedir. Bu araştırmada, 2012-2013 yılları arasında yapılan arazi çalışmalarında 2 yıllık çalışma periyodu süresince 700 bitki örneği toplanmıştır. Ayrıca 2014 ve 2015 yılında da bazı eklemeler yapılmıştır. Tayin edilen bitkilerden 22 familyaya ait 48 cins, 112 tür, 20 alttür ve 9 varyete ile toplamda 113 takson tespit edilmiş olup, bunlardan 14 tanesi endemik ve 6 tanesi nadirdir. Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı'nda "DD (veri yetersiz)" kategorisinde gösterilen ve uzun yıllar hakkında veri bulunmayan Gagea chanae Grossh. bu çalışmayla tekrar keşfedilmiştir. Alanda tespit edilen taksonlardan 33 tanesi ise Tunceli İli için yeni kayıttır
Muscari babachii sp nov (Hyacinthaceae) from south Anatolia
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc, 2008) Eker, İsmail; Koyuncu, Mehmet
A new species, Muscari babachii Eker & Koyuncu sp. nov. (Hyacinthaceae) from south Anatolia is described. Diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustration, geographical distribution, IUCN extinction risk, observations and taxonomic comments on the new species are given. It is also compared with the closely related M. tenuiflorum Tausch.
Muscari fatmacereniae (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), a new species from southern Anatolia
(Magnolia Press, 2019) Eker, İsmail
A new species, Muscari fatmacereniae Eker sp. nov. (Asparagaceae), is described from Turkey. The diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustration, original photographs and geographical distribution of the new species are given. The conservation assessment, observations and taxonomic comments on the new species are also presented. The new species is compared with the closely related species M. armeniacum and M. botryoides.

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