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Öğe Association analysis of resistance to cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae) and root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus neglectus and P-thornei) in CIMMYT advanced spring wheat lines for semi-arid conditions(Japanese Soc Breeding, 2016) Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Ferney, Gomez-Becerra Hugo; Erginbaş-Orakcı, Gül; Dreisigacker, Susanne; İmren, MustafaTo identify loci linked to nematode resistance genes, a total of 126 of CIMMYT advanced spring wheat lines adapted to semi-arid conditions were screened for resistance to Heterodera avenae, Pratylenchus neglectus, and P. thornei, of which 107 lines were genotyped with 1,310 DArT. Association of DArT markers with nematode response was analyzed using the general linear model. Results showed that 11 markers were associated with resistance to H. avenae (pathotype Ha21), 25 markers with resistance to P. neglectus, and 9 significant markers were identified to be linked with resistance to P thornei. In this work we confirmed that chromosome 4A (similar to 90-105 cM) can be a source of resistance to P. thornei as has been recently reported. Other significant markers were also identified on chromosomal regions where no resistant genes have been reported for both nematodes species. These novel QTL were mapped to chromosomes 5A, 6A, and 7A for H. avenae; on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 3A, 3B, 6B, 7AS, and 7D for P. neglectus; and on chromosomes 1D, 2A, and 5B for P. thornei and represent potentially new loci linked to resistance that may be useful for selecting parents and deploying resistance into elite germplasm adapted to regions where nematodes are causing problem.Öğe Evaluation of Turkish wild Emmers (Triticum Dicoccoides Koern.) and wheat varieties for resistance to the root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus)(2015) Toktay, Halil; İmren, Mustafa; Elekcioğlu, İbrahim Halil; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.Root-lesion nematodes (RLN; Pratylenchus thornei and Pratylenchus neglectus) are serious plant parasitic nematodes that attack wheat roots and cause significant losses in grain quality and quantity worldwide. They are widely distributed in Turkish wheat growing areas and can be only controlled by growing resistant cultivars and nonhost crops. So far, there is no commercial wheat cultivar identified as completely resistant to the RLN is available. The objective of this research was to evaluate some Turkish wild Emmers (Triticum dicoccoides) and national spring wheat varieties for resistant to P. thornei and P. neglectus. In the experiments, 32 wild Emmers and 42 wheat cultivars were inoculated with P. thornei or P. neglectus individuals and grown under controlled conditions in a growth room for 9 weeks. The results showed that 25 and 35 wheat varieties were moderately resistant to P. thornei and P. neglectus, respectively. In total, 17 lines exhibiting multiple resistance reactions to both nematodes were in the same group with the check lines (p<0.05). The identified resistant wheat accessions showed improved levels of RLN resistance over current parents and could serve as an excellent genetic pool to be used in an efficient Turkish wheatbreeding programme.Öğe First report of crown rot caused by fusarium redolens on wheat in Kazakhstan(AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, 2021) Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Paulitz, Timothy C.; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.Fusarium crown rot, caused by several species within the genus, is a major constraint that results in significant losses in wheat production worldwide. In June 2019, diseased wheat plants with typical symptoms of crown rot including discoloration on the first two or three internodes of the stem just above the soil line and stunted, dry rotted, and discolored roots were collected in several bread wheat fields during the maturity stage in Almaty, East Kazakhstan, and Karaganda Regions of Kazakhstan.Öğe First report of Fusarium hostae causing crown rot on wheat in Azerbaijan(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2019) Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Bayraktar, Harun; Paulitz, Timothy C.; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.In June 2017, 76 fields were surveyed in the main bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) growing regions of Azerbaijan to identify the fungi causing crown and root rot. Diseased plants were collected at just prior to maturity, at maturity, and/or after harvest. About 20 to 30 tillers of wheat were randomly sampled from each field (about 5 ha), put in paper bags, and transported to the laboratory. The crown, root, and stem base tissues of each plant were rinsed with tap water to remove soil particles and examined for lesions. Sections (3 cm) of symptomatic tissues were surface disinfested with 1% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and air dried on sterilized filter paper in a laminar flow.Öğe First report of Heterodera hordecalis, a cereal cyst nematode, on wheat in Algeria(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2018) Smaha, Djamel; Mokrini, Fouad; İmren, Mustafa; Mokabli, Aissa; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.The cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) are a major group of plant-parasitic nematodes that attack many crop species and cause serious yield losses in major food crops (Jones et al. 2015). Nematodes in the genus Heterodera occur in all major cereal production areas in the Mediterranean Basin (Dababat et al. 2015). In June 2016, six soil samples were collected from durum wheat (Triticum durum) fields of Guellal (36°2'7" N; 5°20'12" E), Hammam Sokhna (35°58’60" N; 5°48’0" E), Ain Arnat (36°10’60" N; 5°19’0" E), Seriana (35°41’37'' N; 6°11’12'' E), Sebaine (33°39’0'' N; 0°12’0'' E), and Maghnia (34°51’42" N; 1°43’50" W), located in the Algerian provinces of Setif, Batna, Tiaret, and Tlemcen. The surveyed wheat fields had stunted patches, poor plant growth, chlorotic lower leaves, and few or no tillers. Cysts were extracted from the soil using a Fenwick Can technique (Fenwick 1940) and identified. Morphologically, cysts were rounded, deep yellow to brown, with a thick subcrystalline layer, small vulval cone, bifenestrate, two almost circular semifenestrates separated from each other by a rather wide vulval bridge, vulval slit obviously covered by a flap, and bullae present at the underbridge level. Cysts also displayed a strong underbridge with pronounced thickening in the middle and bifurcation at both ends.Öğe First report of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 on roots of wheat in Kazakhstan(AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, 2021) Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Bozoğlu, TuğbaIn June 2019, approximately 20 tillers of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)were sampled at the ripening stage (Feekes scale 11) from four differentfields in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Brown lesions (3 to 5 mm in length) were pre-sent on the roots of sampled plants, with 20% incidence. To determine thecausal agent, diseased roots were surface disinfected in sodium hypochloritesolution (1%) for 3 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, air-driedinalaminarflow hood, and plated onto one-fifthstrengthpotatodex-trose agar (PDA) supplemented with 50 ppm chloramphenicol. After 3 days,the hyphal fragments that developed from the sections were transferred tofresh PDA and incubated at 23C with a 12-h photoperiod for 7 days toobtain pure cultures. Brown pigmented fungal colonies with a constriction atthe base of hyphal branches, septa near the branching point, and right-angledbranching resemblingRhizoctonia solaniwere observed.Öğe Genetic resistance of wheat towards plant-parasitic nematodes: current status and future prospects(Field Crops Central Research Institute, 2021) Seid, Awol; İmren, Mustafa; Ali, Muhammad Amjad; Toumi, Fateh; Paulitz, Timothy; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are one of the major biotic factors that cause significant yield losses in wheat-growing areas worldwide. The major PPN groups causing significant economic losses in wheat quantity and quality are cereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) and root-lesion nematodes (RLNs). Based on their wide distribution, pathogenicity, high occurrence in wheat cultivated areas, they are considered major threats to the global food supply. The economic loss caused by these destructive pathogens ranges from 10 to 100% depending on different agro-ecological conditions such as drought, heat stress, and cold stress. Multidisciplinary management practices are being implemented to manage cereal nematodes (CNs) that range from cultural to molecular strategies. Integration of wheat resistant varieties with appropriate agronomic practices is recognized as the safest and most practical, effective, and applicable management strategy. Nine resistance genes (Cre1–Cre9) to CCN are well-documented in the literature. CreR, CreV and CreZ genes are relatively recently characterized from wheat and confer resistance to CCNs. On the other hand, Rlnn1 is the only resistance gene characterized from wheat that is known to confer resistance towards RLNs. However, breeding for resistance to PPN has numerous challenges that originate from the narrow genetic diversity and difficulty in the process of transferring resistance gene(s) from the source to the target variety. A unique opportunity for wheat genetic improvement was provided due to the availability of genomic resources and the wheat worldwide germplasm collection which includes wild wheat germplasm. Moreover, the presence of several genome-wide association studies and genome editing technologies could also help for further improvement to enhance CNs resistance in wheat. This article provides the latest information regarding the progress made in the identification and characterization of resistance genes from different sources and its utility against both CCNs and RLNs, which will attract the attention of the scientific community and other relevant stakeholders. © 2021, Field Crops Central Research Institute. All rights reserved.Öğe Host suitability of different wheat lines to Pratylenchus thornei under naturally infested field conditions in Turkey(Brill Academic Publishers, 2019) Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Mokrini, Fouad; Laasli, Salah-Eddine; Yıldız, Şenol; Orakçı, Gül Erginbaş; Duman, Nagihan; İmren, MustafaThe root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, attacks a wide range of crops and causes significant reductions in global grain production. Breeding programmes are currently restricted to using parents with moderate resistance to P. thornei as cereal cultivars with complete resistance are yet to be identified. This study evaluated 484 of CIMMYT's spring wheat accessions for resistance to P. thornei of which 56 lines were pre-identified as resistant under controlled growth room conditions. These lines were further evaluated for their resistance and tolerance reactions under field conditions, where 14 accessions maintained their resistance and 16 were moderately resistant against P. thornei. Four lines gave excellent resistant and tolerance reactions to P. thornei. The relationship between the nematode reproduction factor (P-f/P-i) and wheat grain yield in field experiments fits a linear regression model. These findings could be useful for improving P. thornei resistance in wheat.Öğe Identification and biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic nematodes and their endosymbiotic bacteria in apple orchards against the codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.) (lepidoptera: tortricidae)(MDPI, 2022) Gümüşsoy, Asım; Yüksel, Ebubekir; Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Canhilal, Ramazan; Amer, Mohammed; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests in pome fruit production worldwide. Heavy treatment of the larvae of C. pomonella with insecticides triggered the development of resistance to many groups of insecticides. In addition, the increasing concern about the adverse effects of synthetic insecticides on human health and the environment has led to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly control practices for C. pomonella. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) and their endosymbionts (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.) represent a newly emerging approach to controlling a wide range of insect pests. In the present study, field surveys were conducted in apple orchards to isolate and identify EPNs and their endosymbionts and evaluate their insecticidal efficacy on the larvae of C. pomonella. EPNs were isolated from 12 of 100 soil samples (12%). Seven samples were identified as Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), whereas five samples were assigned to Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). The pathogenicity of the EPN species/isolates was screened on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella. The two most pathogenic isolates from each EPN species were tested against fifth instar larvae of C. pomonella under controlled conditions. The maximum mortality (100%) was achieved by all EPN species/isolates at a concentration of 100 IJs/larva 96 h after treatment. The endosymbionts of selected H. bacteriophora and S. feltiae species were identified as Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii and Xenorhabdus bovienii, respectively. The mortality rates ranged between 25 and 62% when the fifth larval instar larvae of C. pomonella were exposed to the treatment of cell-free supernatants of symbiotic bacteria. In essence, the present survey indicated that EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria have good potential for biological control of C. pomonellaÖğe Identity and pathogenicity of fungi associated with crown and root rot of dryland winter wheat in Azerbaijan(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2020) Özer, Göksel; Paulitz, Timothy C.; İmren, Mustafa; Alkan, Mehtap; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.A comprehensive survey was performed to assess fungal populations associated with crown and root rot of wheat throughout the main wheat-growing areas of Azerbaijan. Samples were taken from 76 fields; 630 fungal strains were isolated, identified, and evaluated for pathogenicity. The identification was conducted with morphological and molecular tools such as species-specific PCR and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha) loci. The fungus found in the greatest number of fields (44) was Fusarium culmorum with 192 isolates, followed by F. acuminatum. Other Fusarium spp. isolates were identified: F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. graminearum, F. incarnatum, F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. algeriense, and F. brachygibbosum. Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia spicifera, Exserohilum pedicellatum, Nigrospora oryzae, and Rhizoctonia spp. isolates were also identified, associated with underground parts of wheat. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and EF1-a sequences of the isolates showed that the isolates belonging to the same species were clearly separated in the dendrogram. Pathogenicity assays revealed that F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. graminearum were most aggressive; F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. algeriense, B. sorokiniana, C. spicifera, and R. solani isolates were moderately aggressive; C. inaequalis, E. pedicellatum, and N. oryzae were weakly aggressive; and others were nonpathogenic. The result of this study exhibited the existence of a wide range of species associated with crown and root rot of wheat in Azerbaijan. Additionally, this is the first report of F. hostae, F. algeriense, C. spicifera, C. inaequalis, and N. oryzae as pathogens on wheat in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is the second country after Algeria in which F. algeriense was detected.Öğe The importance and management strategies of cereal cyst nematodes, Heterodera spp., in Turkey(Springer, 2015) Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; İmren, Mustafa; Erginbaş-Orakçı, Gül; Ashrafi, Samad; Yavuzaslanoğlu, ElifCereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) can cause significant economic yield losses alone or in combination with other biotic and abiotic factors. The damage caused by these nematodes can be enormous when they occur in a disease complex, particularly in areas subject to water stress. Of the 12 valid CCN species, Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi, and H. latipons are considered the most economically important in different parts of the world. This paper reviews current approaches to managing CCNs via genetic resistance, biological agents, cultural practices, and chemical strategies. Recent research within the soil borne pathogen program of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center has focused on germplasm screening, the potential of this germplasm as sources of resistance, and how to incorporate new sources of resistance into breeding programs. Breeding for resistance is particularly complicated and difficult when different species and pathotypes coexist in nature. A lack of expertise and recognition of CCNs as a factor limiting wheat production potential, combined with inappropriate breeding strategies and slow screening processes limit genetic gains for resistance to CCNs.Öğe Molecular characterization of heterodera SPP and pratylenchus SPP. from winter wheat in the East Anatolian Region of Turkey(Soc Nematologists, 2014) Toktay, Halil; İmren, Mustafa; Öcal, Atilla; Kasapoğlu, Ece Börteçine; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.Öğe Morphometric and genetic variability among Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera latipons) populations in Turkey(2018) İmren, Mustafa; Yıldız, Şenol; Toktay, Halil; Duman, Nagihan; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.The Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera latipons, is an important plant parasitic nematode that negatively impacts cereal production worldwide, particularly in the Mediterranean Basin. Successful control of cereal cyst nematodes requires knowledge of the nematode species/pathotypes and their biology. However, little information is currently available concerning the phenotypic and genotypic variability of H. latipons populations in Turkey. This study analyzed the morphological/morphometric and genetic characteristics of Turkish H. latipons populations to define intraspecific distinctions between them. Morphological and morphometric studies focused on the pattern of the perineal region of cysts and second stage juveniles (J2), while the molecular analyses used sequenced ITS-rDNA regions targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. The data from these investigations demonstrate that nematode populations from Adana and Hatay provinces differ from the populations collected in Kilis, Gaziantep, and Mardin provinces. These phenotypic and genotypic differences between H. latipons populations may indicate that they are heterogenic, with at least two pathotypes. To date, this study is the most comprehensive analysis identifying H. latipons populations in major wheatproducing areas of Turkey.Öğe Occurrence and population dynamics of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei (Sher and Allen) on wheat in Bolu, Turkey(2017) İmren, Mustafa; Çiftçi, Vahdettin; Yıldız, Şenol; Kütük, Halil; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.Root lesion nematodes (RLNs) are an economically important pest due to their wide host range in the global cropping system. In Turkey, they have been found in every region and attack almost all crops (especially wheat), causing significant damage. This study investigated the occurrence and population dynamics of the root lesion nematode species Pratylenchus thornei on the winter wheat cultivar ‘Bayraktar’ under field conditions in Bolu Province. Surveys were conducted and a total of 145 root and soil samples were collected. Pratylenchus thornei was detected in 25 soil samples (17.2% of the total samples). Field experiments revealed that P. thornei populations were at their lowest density during the winter (November to February), before gradually increasing to their maximum in July and then decreasing again during the dry summer periods. The number of nematodes was positively correlated with temperature, and the nematode reproduction rate was between 0.8 and 4.6. When combined with integrated pest management strategies, the information provided by these results will be useful for suppressing the nematode population below the threshold level.Öğe Occurrence and seasonal variation of the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus on cereals in Bolu, Turkey(2019) Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Yıldız, Şenol; Çiftçi, Vahdettin; Duman, Nagihan; İmren, MustafaThe root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp. is one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes causing global cereal yield losses. Effective management of plant-parasitic nematodes depends on reliable management strategies and comprehensive datasets estimating the distribution, abundance, and population change of nematode species. This study reports the occurrence of Pratylenchus neglectus in wheat-growing districts during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons in Bolu, Turkey. Pratylenchus neglectus was identified by both morphological and molecular methods. The nematode was detected in 11.6% of samples collected from five districts. On average, P. neglectus numbered 1556 nematodes/kg soil, while 12% of samples had more than 2500 nematodes/kg soil. P. neglectus population dynamics were evaluated by sowing a susceptible winter wheat variety (Bezostaya) in a naturally infested field near the Çaydurt district of Bolu during the 2014/15 and 2015/16 cropping seasons. There was a positive correlation (P < 0.01) between nematode abundance in roots and surrounding soil temperature. The highest abundance of nematodes in roots occurred during May (average temperature: 22 °C), while the lowest abundance was during December–March (average temperature: 5 °C). The initial population was measured as an average of 60 nematodes/100 g soil. The reproduction rate of P. neglectus ranged from 0.7 to 4.8 individuals.Öğe Phytophagous nematodes in cereal fields in Nigde Province, Turkey(Entomological Soc Turkey, Ege Univ, 2020) Toktay, Halil; İmren, Mustafa; Akyol, Badel G.; Evlice, Emre; Riley, Ian T.; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.This study evaluated the occurrence and incidence of phytophagous nematodes and identified the cereal cyst nematode species by morphological and molecular tools in the main cereal-growing areas in Nigde in 2018-2019. Phytophagous nematodes within twelve genera were detected in 95% of soil samples. The most common phytophagous nematodes in cereal soil were in the genera Heterodera, Ditylenchus, Merlinius, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Tylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Trophurus, Pratylenchoides, Filenchus and Xiphinema (in decreasing order of incidence). In particular, 75% of the soil samples from surveyed fields were infested with the cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.). Morphological characteristics of cysts and second-stage juveniles were calculated within the expected ranges for Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Stelter, 1984, however, two populations from Camardi was determined as Heterodera latipons Franklin, 1969 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Intraspecific variation was not observed within the populations of H. filipjevi which could be in the same genotypic group. In addition to the high incidence of these Heterodera spp., intensive cereal cropping systems with/without non-cereal rotations in wheat production areas of Nigde also resulted in high incidence of root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus species.Öğe Studies on the effect of Heterodera Avenae(Wollenweber, 1924)on yield losses in wheat varieties in the Eastern Mediterranean of Turkey(Soc Nematologists, 2014) İmren, Mustafa; Toktay, Halil; Kasapoğlu, Ece Börteçine; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Elekçioğlu, İbrahim HalilÖğe Xenorhabdus and photorhabdus bacteria as potential candidates for the control of culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae), the principal vector of west nile virus and lymphatic filariasis(MDPI, 2023) Yüksel, Ebubekir; Yıldırım, Alparslan; İmren, Mustafa; Canhilal, Ramazan; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.Vector-borne diseases pose a severe threat to human and animal health. Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is a widespread mosquito species and serves as a vector for the transmission of infectious diseases such as West Nile disease and Lymphatic Filariasis. Synthetic insecticides have been the prime control method for many years to suppress Cx. pipiens populations. However, recently, the use of insecticides has begun to be questioned due to the detrimental impact on human health and the natural environment. Therefore, many authorities urge the development of eco-friendly control methods that are nontoxic to humans. The bacterial associates [Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. (Enterobacterales: Morganellaceae)] of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Sterinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp.) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) are one of the green approaches to combat a variety of insect pests. In the present study, the mosquitocidal activity of the cell-free supernatants and cell suspension (4 x 10(7) cells mL(-1)) of four different symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila, X. bovienii, X. budapestensis, and P. luminescens subsp. kayaii) was assessed against different development stages of Cx. pipiens (The 1st/2nd and 3rd/4th instar larvae and pupa) under laboratory conditions. The bacterial symbionts were able to kill all the development stages with varying levels of mortality. The 1st/2nd instar larvae exhibited the highest susceptibility to the cell-free supernatants and cell suspensions of symbiotic bacteria and the efficacy of the cell-free supernatants and cell suspensions gradually declined with increasing phases of growth. The highest effectiveness was achieved by the X. bovienii KCS-4S strain inducing 95% mortality to the 1st/2nd instar larvae. The results indicate that tested bacterial symbionts have great potential as an eco-friendly alternative to insecticides.
