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Agro-morphological and biochemical characterization of wild prunus spinosa l. subsp. dasyphylla (schur) domin genotypes naturally grown in western black sea region of Turkey
(Mdpi, 2020) Berk, Selma Kuru; Taş, Akgül; Orman, Erdal; Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Necas, Tomas; Ondrasek, Ivo; Karataş, Neva
In this study, agro-morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of 23 plum genotypes belonging to Prunus spinosa L. subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin growing wild in the West Black Sea Region in Turkey were investigated. Agro-morphological, sensory and biochemical properties of genotypes were highly different from each other. Principal component analysis was performed to determine the correlation between these properties and genotypes. The variation in the study was determined to be 63.5% in agro-morphological properties, 53.8% in organic acids and 46% in phenolic compounds. In terms of fruit weight, 14BLM08 genotype (38.42 g) was determined to be superior to other genotypes. The fruit firmness value, which is important in the storage of fruits, was recorded as the highest in the 14BLM14 genotype (9.07 kg/cm(2)). Chlorogenic acid was higher than the other phenolic compounds and the highest value was obtained in the 14BLM20 (11.45 mg/kg) genotype. It was recorded that the value of malic acid, which is the major organic acid of the plums, varied between 269.65-1294.64 mg/100 g. Genotypes showed diverse vitamin C content, and the highest value was found in the 14BLM18 genotype as 54.42 mg/100g. Each genotype showed superiority according to the type of traits, and thus breeders may have used these genotypes as the superior ones for specific plum breeding purposes. In addition, these genotypes could be satisfactorily used in domestication.
Analysis of Nutrient and Heavy Metal Contents of Historical Apple Varieties Growing in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkiye
(Springer, 2024) Kirs, Tuba; Berk, Selma Kuru; Gundogdu, Muttalip; Muradoglu, Ferhad; Manzoor, Muhammad Arsalan
Apple's rising popularity among consumers can be attributed to its delightful taste and rich nutritional value. Nonetheless, little is known about the interrelationships between soil, leaf, and fruit pulp minerals. In this investigation, the mineral property relationships between the soils, leaf and fruit pulp of local cultivars were evaluated by correlation analysis. The soil exhibited a texture ranging from sandy loam, with a very low organic matter content. Mineral contents were higher in the leaves compared to the fruit pulp. While macro elements were determined in high amounts, the amounts of iron and zinc from micro elements were insufficient and the amount of manganese was found to be low. While the amount of potassium was determined to be highest in the leaf in 'Cebe girmez' cultivar (23,787 ppm), it was determined to be lowest in the fruit in 'Bey elmas & imath;' cultivar (18,437 ppm). Heavy metals content remained within acceptable limits, the 'Aslik' cultivar exhibiting the highest compared to others. In the fruit, the highest Pb (6.79 ppm) and Cd (0.41 ppm) amounts were determined in 'Aslik' cultivar and the lowest Se amount (0.38 ppm) was determined in 'Bey elmas & imath;' cultivar. Positive correlations were established between mineral elements found in fruit pulp and leaf. This information will be useful for the exploitation of apple resources and for developing appropriate new cultivars to sustain fruit quality.
Arbusküler mikorhizal fungus ve putresin uygulamalarının çileğin fizikokimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkisi
(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2021) Berk, Selma Kuru; Gündoğdu, Müttalip
Bolu ilinde 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında yürütülen bu çalışmada, çilekte putresin ve arbusküler mikorizal fungus uygulamalarının fenolojik gelişim, bitki verimi, vejetatif gelişim ve meyvenin biyokimyasal içerikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada Kabarla, Festival, Camarosa ve Albion çilek çeşitleri, Funneliformis mosseae ve Gigaspora margarita mikoriza türleri, 100 ve 150 ppm doz putresin uygulamaları ve mikorizaXputresin interaksiyonları ile muamele edilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda en fazla kolonizasyon Kabarla çeşidinde F. mosseae türünde, diğer çeşitlerde ise G. margarita mikoriza türünde elde edilmiştir. Çiçeklenme ve hasat tarihleri açısından mikoriza ve putresin interaksiyon uygulamaları, verim açısından ise F. mosseae uygulaması ön plana çıkmıştır. Yapılan araştırmada, Kabarla ve Festival çeşidinde FM+put-150 uygulamasında, Camarosa ve Albion çeşidinde ise FM+put-100 uygulamasında meyvelerin C vitamini içeriklerinin daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Meyvelerin şeker içeriği üzerine, Festival ve Camarosa çeşitlerinde 150 ppm putresin uygulamasının, fenolik bileşik miktarları üzerine ise Camarosa ve Albion çeşitlerinde G. margarita uygulamasının daha etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma sonunda, putresinin tek başına kullanıldığında 150 ppm dozunun daha uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, mikoriza türleri kendi içinde değerlendirilirse, F. mosseae türünün verim ve büyüme parametreleri açısından, G. margarita türünün ise meyve biyokimyasalları açısından önem arz etttiği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak çeşitlerin putresin dozu ve mikoriza türlerine göre farklı tutum sergilediği belirlenmiştir.
Biochemical characteristics of sweet cherry germplasm in Turkey
(Mattioli 1885, 2019) Canan, İhsan; Gündoğdu, Muttalip; Ercişli, Sezai; Berk, Selma Kuru; Saraçoğlu, Onur
In this study, phenolic compounds, organic acids, sugars, vitamin C and total antioxidant activities of national (0900 Ziraat, Malatya Dalbasti and Sari Kiraz) and universal (Merton Late, Vista, Bing and Lambert) sweet cherry cultivars and one genotype (1355) were investigated. We determined fourteen phenolic compounds, five organic acids and three sugars in sweet cherry fruit. In general, gallic, vanilic and ellagic acid were major phenolic compounds in fruit of sweet cherry cultivars and genotype. The genotype1355 had more phenolic compounds compared to cultivars. It was determined that malic acid was frequently determined among the fruit of investigated cultivars and genotype. It was observed the highest sugar content was measured in 1355 genotype and 0900 Ziraat cultivar. Total antioxidant capacity was the highest (9.22 mu mol TE g(-1)) in fruit of cultivar 0900 Ziraat. Overall the genotype 1355 found the most promising due to having favorable properties and could be recommended for farmers and consumers.
Change in biochemical content of strawberry during shelf life with growth regulator treatments
(Springer, 2023) Berk, Selma Kuru; Orman, Erdal; Koçoğlu, Selma Tuna; Gündoğdu, Müttalip
The aim of this study was to determine the changes during shelf life in the organic acid and phenolic components of strawberry fruit ('Albion' cv.) treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Fruits were kept in plastic perforated containers for 3 and 5 days under room conditions. It was determined that vitamin C content decreased on day 3 in all treatments (from 22.35 to 5.27 mg 100 g(-1)), but increased on day 5 with MeJA + 1-MCP treatment. The highest citric acid level was measured as 1468.89 mg 100 g(-1) on day 3 (control) and as 1423.68 mg 100 g(-1) on day 5 (1-MCP). It was seen that phenolic compound content generally decreased with MeJA and 1-MCP interaction. Treatment with 0.25-mM MeJA increased the amount of catechin on days 3 and 5 (35.679 and 27.574 mg 100 g(-1), respectively). In addition, during shelf life, organic acid content generally increased, while phenolic compound content decreased with treatments. It was observed that the strawberry fruit quality varied according to treatments during the shelf life period.
Correlation between pomegranate genotypes and phenolic compounds
(2019) Berk, Selma Kuru; Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Çiftçi, Vahdettin
In this study, the individual phenolic compounds and relationship with each other of 21 genotypes of Siirt (Şirvan) region were determined. Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic acid, and phloridzin content were recorded. Catechin was identified to be dominant phenolic. Statistically, 56 ŞİR 10 genotype had come to the fore with five phenolic compounds. The lowest content of three phenolic compounds was measured in 56 ŞİR 20 genotype. Syringic was recorded to be the lowest level phenolic compound. It was observed that there were positive correlation rutin, caffeic, vanillic and ferulic acid. However, the negative correlation was determined between syringic and caffeic acid. Pomegranate genotypes of Şirvan have been found to be rich in phenolic compounds which have significant health effects.
Correlation between Pomegranate Genotypes and Phenolic Compounds Correlation between Pomegranate Genotypes and Phenolic Compounds
(2019) Berk, Selma Kuru; Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Çiftçi, Vahdettin
In this study, the individual phenolic compounds and relationship with each other of 21genotypes of Siirt (Şirvan) region were determined. Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid,rutin, quercetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic acid, andphloridzin content were recorded. Catechin was identified to be dominant phenolic. Statistically, 56ŞİR 10 genotype had come to the fore with five phenolic compounds. The lowest content of threephenolic compounds was measured in 56 ŞİR 20 genotype. Syringic was recorded to be the lowestlevel phenolic compound. It was observed that there were positive correlation rutin, caffeic, vanillicand ferulic acid. However, the negative correlation was determined between syringic and caffeic acid.Pomegranate genotypes of Şirvan have been found to be rich in phenolic compounds which havesignificant health effects.
Determination of effect of gibberellic acid treatments on the fruit quality of strawberry cv. Seascape
(2017) Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Berk, Selma Kuru; Canan, İhsan; Koçoğlu, Selma Tuna; Çelik, Ferit; Taş, Akgül
In the study, the effect of gibberellic acid treatments on fruit quality of strawberry cv. Seascape grown in Bolu ecological conditions was examined. The fruit quality parameters were identified under the application of two concentration of GA3 (50 ppm and 100 ppm). It was determined that the values of SSC, pH, TA and fruit hardness were not statistically affected by both GA3 applications. The highest values related fruit weight and size were obtained at 50 ppm GA3 application. The SCC and firmness values were determined as 6.67 brix° and 1.31 kg/cm2 in 100 ppm concentration, respectively. The fruits treated with 50 ppm GA3 had lower pH than those treated 100 ppm GA3 and control. In addition, the highest fruit weight (46.01 g) and fruit acidity (1.11%) were obtained at the application of 50 ppm GA3. It was also found that the GA3 application did not cause a significant change in the flavor, taste and juice values.
Effect of methyl jasmonate application on bioactive contents and agro-morphological properties of strawberry fruits
(Univ Life Sciences Lublin, 2020) Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Berk, Selma Kuru; Yıldız, Kenan; Canan, İhsan; Ercişli, Sezai; Tuna, Selma
In this study, methyl jasmonate were applied to strawberry cultivars, and the pomological and biochemical characteristics of the fruits were investigated. The highest increase in fruit weight was determined in the Honeoye cultivar and it was detected in the application of 0.50 mM MeJa according to the control group. When the organic acid contents of fruits were examined, it was determined that the dominant acid was citric acid and the maximum range (Control: 1.49 g kg(-1); 0.50 mM MeJa: 16.49 g kg(-1)) was in the Seascape cultivar. When the ellagic acid content of the fruits was examined, the highest increase (Control: 13.350 mg 100 g(-1), 0.25 mM MeJa: 22.768 mg 100 g(-1)) was found in the Sweet Ann cultivar. In this study, it was determined that appropriate concentrations of MeJa should be preferred in cultivation of strawberry and these concentrations affected the fruit quality parameters.
FRENK ÜZÜMÜNÜN (Ribes sp.) BİYOLOJİK AKTİVİTESİ VE İNSAN SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
(2017) Berk, Selma Kuru; Koçoğlu, Selma Tuna
Kırmızı, siyah ve sarı renklere sahip olan frenk üzümlerinin içerdikleri fenoller, flavan ve flavanoidler nedeniyle yüksek oranda antioksidan özellik gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Bu fonksiyonel bileşenlerin insan sağlığında birçok hastalığa karşı koruyucu role sahip olması frenk üzümünün özellikle gıda sanayisindeki önemini arttırmıştır. Siyah frenk üzümü yağının, son yıllarda gıda takviyesi olarak piyasalarda yer aldığı görülmektedir. En yaygın kültür formu olan Ribes nigrum'un yaprak, tomurcuk, meyve ve tohumlarının antioksidan, antienflamatuar, antiviral, antidiyabetik, antikanser ve antitümör aktivitesi yapılan çalışmalarla kanıtlanmıştır. Meyveleri antibakteriyal, antiseptik, antiaging, cardioprotective ve antienflamatuar etkiye sahip olan Ribes rubrum'un yapraklarının da antioksidan etkiye sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte Ribes türlerinin yaprak ve dallarının antibakteriyal ve antitümör etkisi de kanıtlanmıştır. Bu derlemede frenk üzümünün biyolojik aktivitesi ve bu aktivitenin insan sağlığına kattığı faydalar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir
An in-depth study on post-harvest storage conditions depending on putrescine treatments of kiwifruit
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Taş, Akgül; Berk, Selma Kuru; Kibar, Hakan; Gündoğdu, Müttalip
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different doses (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 mM) of putrescine treatments on the post-harvest weight loss, decay, firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, pH, respiration rate, L* , a* , b* , Chroma and hue angle and phenolic compounds, organic acids and vitamin C content of kiwi (cv. Hayward. The fruits were kept in a cold storage at 0 +/- 0.5 degrees C and 90 +/- 5% relative humidity for 140 days. The weight loss, soluble solids content, increases in respiration rate and high decreases in fruit density, firmness, and titratable acidity were detected in the control group fruits during storage. Among the putrescine treatments, 1.2 mM concentration was observed to be more effective than other concentrations and providing better protection for organic acids, while treatment with 2.0 mM was determined to be providing more protection in preventing the loss of vitamin C. The dominant organic acid of kiwi was determined as citric acid, followed by malic acid, succinic acid and vitamin C. Similarly, it was determined that treatment with 2.0 mM putrescine prevented the loss of phenolic acid and flavonoid more than the control group and other treatments. It was determined that the most common compound found among phenolic acids in kiwi was protocatechuic acid, followed by chlorogenic acid. At day 140 of storage, the minimum change was observed in protocatechuic acid with the application of 1.6 mM putrescine dose, while chlorogenic acid and catechin were the most conserved compounds under treatment with of 2.0 mM.
An in-depth study on shelf-life indicators of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in correlation to putrescine treatments and storage duration
(Wiley, 2022) Berk, Selma Kuru; Taş, Akgül; Kibar, Hakan; Gündoğdu, Müttalip
Raspberries are delicate fruits and are quite quickly perishable due to many reasons. Therefore, the variation of weight loss (WL), decay rate (DR), titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content (SSC), pH, respiration rate (RR), fruit density (FD), chromatic parameters (L, a, b, chroma, hue angle, and Delta E), phenolics and flavonoids, and organic acids and vitamin C fresh red raspberries were investigated at 15-day intervals during storage period at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mM L-1 PUT for 30 days. The physiochemical properties and biochemical composition of red raspberries changed significantly (except for pH, a, b, and hue angle) with increasing PUT concentrations and storage duration (p < .05), and WL, TA, pH, RR, b, chroma, hue angle, and Delta E values were fitted to the zero-order kinetic model; the values of DR, L, and a followed the first-order kinetic model; on the other hand, the values of SSC and FD followed the second-order kinetic model. Biochemical contents were determined to fit the first-order and second-order kinetic models. As a result of the cluster analysis, two groups were formed as a storage group on the 15th day and a storage group on the 30th day. Novelty impact statement This study ensures useful information for improving the quality properties of red raspberries considering the combined effect of putrescine treatment and storage duration. Putrescine treatment is a good alternative for preservation studies to substitute the control treatments. This putrescine treatment enhances the quality of products with short duration of storage.
Influence of pre-harvest gibberellic acid and post-harvest 1-methyl cyclopropane treatments on phenolic compounds, vitamin c and organic acid contents during the shelf life of strawberry fruits
(Mdpi, 2021) Taş, Akgül; Berk, Selma Kuru; Orman, Erdal; Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Ercişli, Sezai; Karataş, Neva; Jurikova, Tunde
In recent years, significant portions of the fresh fruits and vegetables produced worldwide have been decaying before reaching the consumer because of insufficient preservation after harvest. In this direction, we carried the study out to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and 1-methyl cyclopropane (1-MCP) applications on phenolic compounds and organic acid contents of the strawberry fruits (cv. Albion) during shelf-life. Gibberellic acid treatments, which prepared in two different concentrations (50 and 100 ppm), were performed by spraying the leaves before harvest. 1-methyl cyclopropane applied after harvest. The results of the study showed a greater decrease in organic acids (except oxalic and succinic acid) in Gibberellic acid-applied fruits during shelf-life. Citric acid was recorded as the most abundant organic acid in the control group. In phenolic compounds, gallic acid (15.22 mg 100 g(-1)) and ellagic acid (9.38 mg 100 g(-1)) were recorded as the highest phenolic compounds on the third day. 1-MCP and GA(3) (50 ppm) + 1-MCP treatment reduced the breakdown of vitamin C during the shelf-life of strawberry fruits compared to the control group. As a result, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and organic acids decreased during the shelf-life, and 1-MCP applications slowed down the breakdown of these compounds.
MUDURNU İLÇESİ CEVİZ TÜKETİM ALIŞKANLIĞININ BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
(2017) Koçoğlu, Selma Tuna; Karadeniz, Turan; Berk, Selma Kuru; Güler, Emrah
Bu çalışmada Bolu ili Mudurnu ilçesinde ailelerin ceviz tüketim alışkanlıkları ile işletmelerin ceviz tüketim profilleri incelenmiştir. Mudurnu merkez ilçede sosyo-ekonomik düzeyleri birbirinden farklı olan 104 aile ile anket çalışması yapılırken, ilçede bulunan işletmeler ile yüz yüze mülakat çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlçede eğitim seviyesi arttıkça sağlık açısından tüketiminin de arttığı görülmüştür. Bireylerin yarısı cevizi günlük olarak ya da haftada iki kez tüketmektedir. Tüketimde kabuklu, yerli ceviz tercih edilmekte ve bireylerin yarısından fazlası tükettiği cevizi kendi bahçesinden karşılamaktadır. Ceviz meyvesi sırasıyla baklava, cevizli çörek, makarna ve kaşıksapı yapımında kullanılmakta ve beyni kuvvetlendirdiği düşüncesiyle daha fazla tercih edilmektedir. İşletmelere bakıldığında, bir fırın ve üç lokanta tarafından tüketim yapıldığı belirlenirken, lokantalar cevizi kaşıksapı, baklava ve sütlaç için kullanırken, fırın hamursuz, çörek ve katmer için tercih edilmektedir. Tüm işletmeler cevizi ilçede bulunan köylü pazarından iç ceviz olarak satın almakta, cevizin beyazlığı ile tazeliğine dikkat etmektedirler. İşletmelerde aylık iç ceviz tüketimi ise 5-30 kg arasında değişmektedir
Phytochemical properties of some blackberry genotypes grown in Van ecology
(2019) Türkoğlu, Nalan; Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Taş, Akgül; Berk, Selma Kuru; Tekin, Onur
In this study, biochemical compositions of three different blackberry genotypes found in the ecology of Bahçesaray district of Van province were identified. Five different organic acids and eight different phenolic compounds were identified in these genotypes. In the fruits, most common phenolic compound was rutin (4.490 mg/g) and most common organic acid was citric acid (1.132 g/100 g). Citric acid was followed by malic, succinic, fumaric and oxalic acid. The 65BS02 blackberry genotype was found to be rich in vanillin, rutin, gallic, chlorogenic, kaffeic and p-coumaric acid. In conclusion, it was seen that the components varied depending on the genotype. In addition, the 65BS02 genotype emerged as a valuable genotype due to its superior characteristics.
Recovery of Verticillium dahliae from commercially available potato seed lots planted in Turkey and characterization of isolates by vegetative compatibility and aggressiveness
(Springer, 2015) Göre, Mehmet Erhan; Şenkal, Belgin Coşge; Berk, Selma Kuru; Onaran, Hüseyin; Altın, Nedim; Ay, Elif; Tuna, Selma; Zencirci, Nusret
A total of 105 seed samples collected from commercially available potato seed lots in Turkey were assayed for Verticillium dahliae. V. dahliae was successfully isolated from 29 of the 105 seed lots tested. The frequency of infected lots was nearly 28%. Vegetative compatibility of the isolates was assessed through complementation tests using nitrate non-utilizing mutants. Of the 110 isolates obtained, 63 were assigned to VCG4A, 24 to VCG4B, 19 to VCG2A and one to VCG2B, while the three remaining isolates could not be assigned to any of the identified VCGs. All 36 of the isolates tested in the greenhouse on potato cv. 'Russet Burbank' were pathogenic to potato. As a group, AUDPC values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for VCG4A than for VCG4B and VCG2 isolates. These data suggest that (i) commercial potato seed lots are commonly infected with V. dahliae, and that this is a primary method by which the pathogen can be introduced into production fields; (ii) potato isolates of V. dahliae belong to VCG4A, 4B and 2A and these isolates are widely distributed via seed lots; and (iii) VCG4A and VCG4B are distinct pathotypes of V. dahliae that vary in their aggressiveness to potato. The present study is the first report of natural infections of potato by VCG4A and VCG2A in Turkey.
SEKONDER METEBOLİT İÇERİĞİ BAKIMINDAN CEVİZİN ÖNEMİ
(2017) Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Karadeniz, Turan; Canan, İhsan; Güler, Emrah; Berk, Selma Kuru
Kullanım alanı geniş olan cevizin kültür tarihi çok eskilere dayanmakta olup biyokimyasal içeriği bakımından insan beslenmesinde vazgeçilmez meyve türleri arasında yerini almıştır. Özellikle son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda fitoaleksin, allelopati, antioksidant, antikanser, antimutagen ve anti bakteriyel gibi özelliklere sahip metebolitlerin içeriği bakımından cevizin önem arz ettiği ortaya konulmuştur. Sekonder metabolitler içersinde sınıflandırılan ve meyve türlerinde yoğun olarak bulunan maddelerin başında fenolik bileşikler yer almaktadır. Bu bileşikler özellikle cevizin kabuğunda yoğun bir şekilde olup fizyolojik olarak meyve kalitesini pomolojik ve biyokimyasal olarak etkilemektedir. Flavonoidler yoğun olarak ceviz yaprağında yer almaktadır. p-Kumarik asit, o-kumarik asit, vanilik ve klorojenik asit gibi fenolik bileşikler yaprak ve meyvede bulunan bitkinin savunma sistemini oluşturan sekonder metabolitler arasında yer almaktadır. Ceviz meyvesi, yaprağı ve diğer organlarının içerdiği biyoaktif içerikler sayesinde yaygın kullanım alanı olan ve özellikle sağlık sektöründe etkin olarak tüketilen bir meyve türüdür
VCG diversity and virulence of Verticillium dahliae from commercially available cotton seed lots in Turkey
(Springer, 2014) Göre, Mehmet Erhan; Erdoğan, Oktay; Caner, Öncül Kaangün; Aydın, Mehmet Hadi; Berk, Selma Kuru
Samples of seeds collected from commercially available cotton seed lots in Turkey were assayed for Verticillium dahliae. V. dahliae was successfully isolated from 67 of 104 seed lots tested, a successful isolation rate of nearly 65 %. Vegetative compatibility of the isolates was assessed through complementation tests using nitrate non-utilizing mutants. Of the 188 isolates obtained, 105 were classified as VCG1A, 17 as VCG2A, 64 as VCG2B and two as VCG4B. All 50 of the isolates tested in the greenhouse on cotton cv. DP 15-21 and Acala SJ-1 were pathogenic on both cultivars. As a group, AUDPC values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for VCG1A than for VCG2 and VCG4B isolates. These data suggest that: (1) commercial cotton seed lots are commonly infected with V. dahliae and thus may serve as primary sources of the pathogen; (2) cotton isolates of V. dahliae belong to VCG1A, 2A, 2B and 4B and these strains are widely distributed via seed lots; and (3) VCG1 and VCG2 are distinct pathotypes of V. dahliae that vary in their virulence to cotton.

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