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Öğe Correction and source apportionment of vehicle emission factors obtained from Bolu Mountain Highway Tunnel, Turkey(Turkish Natl Committee Air Pollution Res & Control-Tuncap, 2020) Karşı, Melike Büşra Bayramoğlu; Berberler, Ercan; Berberler, Tuğçe; Aslan, Özge; Karakaş, Serpil Yenisoy; Karakaş, DuranTotal suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected in the atmosphere of Bolu Mountain Highway Tunnel located on the axis of Edirne-Istanbul-Ankara on the main artery of Turkey, by using PUF samplers between 24 and June 29, 2018. Thirty-five major and trace metals, 11 water-soluble anions and cations, and OC and EC concentrations were determined at the entrance and the exit of the tunnel. Emission factor calculations were carried out with and without correction of the data set against crustal contributions. The non-crustal net concentration data set was used as an input for the factor analysis and factor analysis-multiple linear regression. Factor analysis identified five sources, namely, (1) road dust re-suspension, (2) road cover material and tyre wear abrasion, (3) brake pad solid lubricants, (4) diesel combustion emission, and (5) gasolineLPG combustion emission. Contributions of identified sources on the TSP concentrations and emission factors were quantified by using the FA-MR technique and the results were discussed. Tin and Sb were identified and reported as the best marker for the brake-related non-exhaust emissions in the road tunnel. FA-MR results showed that 46, 60, 49, and 37% of Ba, Cu, Fe, and Mn, respectively were contributed by dust re-suspension. The main sources of EC (39%) and OC (49%) were observed to be gasoline-LPG emissions and 69% of sulfate and 62% of Pb in TSP fraction was contributed by diesel emission. Tin and Sb were mainly affected by the brake pad solid lubricant factor and 64% of Sn and 53% of Sb were contributed by this factor.Öğe Elimination of positive and negative sampling artifacts in particulate organic carbon and PAHs using multi-sorbent coated and uncoated denuders(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Berberler, Ercan; Karakaş, DuranWithin the scope of this study, two equivalent PM2.5 samplers were designed and developed to eliminate sampling artifacts in the results of atmospheric particulate organic carbon (OC) and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and gas phase PAH compounds, respectively. A mass loss of less than 10% due to the denuders was observed. Study results showed that if an impregnated denuder is not used, the results of atmospheric particle OC concentrations will be reported with higher values due to positive errors of 53.2 ± 7.23% (median: 52.00%) on average. It was observed that the total error (net error) was still positive, but decreased to an average of 35.1 ± 16.8% (median: 31.0%) after including the negative errors quantified from the backup filter into the calculation. In cases where denuders were not used in the sampling, it was observed that the results with positive errors of 41.0 ± 14.6% (median: 33.8%) on average would be obtained for the total PAHs. Ozone-induced negative interference was the highest in Acenapthylene (28%), followed by Fluoranthane (20%), Phenanthrene (18%), and 15% for Np and Benzo[g,h,i]perylene compounds, relative to their medians. Negative errors of 10% or less were found in all other individual PAH compounds. © 2024 Elsevier LtdÖğe Levels, dietary exposure, and health risk estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bread baked with different oven and fuel types(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Karşı, Melike Büşra Bayramoğlu; Berberler, Ercan; Kurhan, Şebnem; Bilaloğlu, Köksal; Çakır, İbrahim; Karakaş, DuranThe formation and occurrence of EPA priority 16 PAHs in the sourdough bread samples baked in the different ovens and fuel types used in Turkey were discussed. The bread dough prepared in laboratory conditions was baked in 6 commercial bakeries (two of them use firewood and 4 of them use natural gas as fuel), 5 traditional countryside bakeries (firewood as fuel), and 2 household type (electricity) ovens in Bolu Province, Turkey. The most dominantly (<95%) observed PAH compounds were low molecular weight PAHs (2 to 4 ring PAHs). The total content of 16 PAHs in the bread samples were 2.68 +/- 3.33, 2.71 +/- 3.23, 4.40 +/- 1.52, and 3.58 +/- 1.74 mu g/kg dw, respectively, for the household, countryside, commercial (firewood) and commercial (natural gas) ovens. Sum of carcinogenic PAHs varied between 0.084 +/- 0.107 (household ovens) and 0.205 +/- 0.240 mu g/kg dw (countryside ovens). The ovens using firewood as the heating fuel, countryside and commercial ovens, showed about 2 to 10 times higher marker PAHs (PAH4) levels than the ovens using natural gas (commercial) and electricity (household). The bread samples baked with commercial firewood and household ovens had 1.5 and 2 times higher total TEQ of BaP (0.116 and 0.121 mu g/kg dw, respectively) values than that of countryside firewood and commercial natural gas ovens. Estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) results suggested that the consumption of bread baked in four types of ovens may pose no health risk for children and adult consumers.Öğe Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and ionic compositions of atmospheric bulk deposition samples at a national park under the influence of intense barbecue smoke(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2019) Karşı, Melike Büşra Bayramoğlu; Berberler, Ercan; Karakaş, DuranThe main aim of this study was to present the effects of barbecue smoke on a small-scale environment, a national park under the influence of intense barbecue smoke, and to scientifically support the sustainable usage of the park. Twelve-weekly bulk deposition samples were collected directly at the barbecuing area, and the samples were analysed for 16 US EPA's priority PAH compounds and major ions. The mean concentrations of the individual PAHs in the bulk deposition samples ranged from 11.8 ng L-1 (Ane) to 1085 +/- 581 ng L-1 (IcdP). The most frequently observed PAH compounds in the bulk deposition samples were Np, Anp, Flr, Phe, An, Flu, BkF, BaP and IcdP. The mean total PAH deposition fluxes were determined as 3.6 +/- 5.6 mu g m(-2) day(-1). The chloride, potassium and the sulphate fluxes were determined as 145.2 +/- 267.8 mu g m(-2) day(-1), 182.9 +/- 291.9 mu g m(-2) day(-1), and 111.9 +/- 65.9 mu g m(-2) day(-1), respectively. Dominant ions in the bulk deposition samples were potassium ion, chloride and sulphate which addressed as the fingerprint of barbecue grilling.Öğe Simultaneous quantification of real-world elemental contributions from the exhaust and non-exhaust vehicular emissions using road dust enrichment factor-elemental carbon tracer method (EFECT)(MDPI, 2023) Karakaş, Duran; Berberler, Ercan; Karşı, Melike Büşra Bayramoğlu; Demir, Tuğçe; Aslan, Özge; Karakaş, Serpil Yenisoy; Karadeniz, HaticeEmission control regulations have been essential in reducing vehicular exhaust emissions. However, the contribution of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions to ambient particulate matter (PM) has not yet been accurately quantified due to the lack of standardized sampling and measurement methods to set regulations. The identified sources and the source profiles generated have not been comparable as none of the emission data collection techniques and the receptor models applied in the literature have produced a standard or reference method to simultaneously identify and quantify the non-exhaust emission sources. This study utilized and thoroughly characterized PM samples including 32 major and trace elements from a mixed fleet in a mountain highway tunnel atmosphere in Bolu, Turkiye. This work proposed a two-stage, simple, and robust method based on road dust enrichment factor (EF) and elemental carbon (EC) tracer methods (EFECT) for the identification and prediction of the exhaust (exh), and non-exhaust (n-exh) emissions in PM. The indicated method revealed that road dust resuspension emissions are the most significant contributor to the concentrations of crustal elements. This method was used successfully to determine the real-world elemental contributions of road dust resuspension (rdrs), emissions (em), exhaust (exh), and non-exhaust (n-exh) emission sources to the elemental concentrations in PM samples. This study provided significant insights into generating actual source profiles, source-specific emission factors, and the source apportionment results for vehicular emission sources worldwide. Considering this, PM data of any particle size fraction (PM10, PM10-2.5, and PM2.5, for example) can be used as input for the EFECT, provided that the data include the analytical results of elemental carbon in both the atmospheric PM and road dust samples having similar PM sizes.Öğe Source identification of water-insoluble single particulate matters in rain sequences(Turkish Natl Committee Air Pollution Res & Control-Tuncap, 2022) Berberler, Ercan; Gemici, Betül Tuba; Özel, Halil Barış; Demir, Tuğçe; Karakaş, DuranIn this study, eight independent rainfall events were sampled sequentially from September 20, 2019 to June 15, 2020, in Bartin province located on the western Black Sea coast of Turkey. Manually collected volume-based sequential samples were analyzed for pH and water-soluble ions involving F-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Total trace and major elements (sum of soluble and insoluble fractions), and elemental and organic carbons (EC and OC) contents of the sequential samples were measured. Water-insoluble particulate matter in the sequential samples were characterized for their sizes, morphologies, and compositions by using Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and a particle size analyzer. Results of SEM-EDS, particle size distributions, chemical analyses, and the upper atmospheric back trajectories were used to apportion the sources of the water-insoluble single particulate matters in sequential rain samples. Using the proposed method, iron-steel facilities, and thermal power plants were identified as the significant regional sources. Urban traffic and natural emission were identified as the local sources.Öğe Uçucu organik bileşiklerin (UOB), atmosferik örneklemelerde partikül organik karbon seviyesine yaptığı girişim (interferans) düzeylerinin belirlenmesi(Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, 2021) Berberler, Ercan; Karakaş, DuranTez çalışması kapsamında atmosferik partikül organik karbon (OK) ve partikül polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH) tespitinde uçucu organik bileşikler (UOB) ve gaz fazı PAH bileşiklerinden kaynaklanan hataları gidermeye yönelik olarak iki adet eşdeğer PM2,5 örnekleyici tasarlanmış ve geliştirilmiştir. Paralel C ve UC örnekleyicilerinden elde edilen örneklerde ölçülen elementel karbon (EK)' ların oranları (EKc/EKuc) 1,02 ± 0,085 (ortanca: 1,000) olarak bulunmuştur. Geliştirilen cihazların örnekleme hava yolunda ihtiva ettkleri denuderler nedeni ile %10'dan daha düşük seviyelerde kütle kaybının olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Emprenyeli denuder kullanılmadığı durumlarda, atmosferik partikül OK konsantrasyonlarının ortalama olarak % 53,2 ± 7,23 (ortanca: % 52,00) düzeyinde hatalar içerecek şekilde yüksek değerlerde rapor edileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Backup filtre kullanılarak nicelleştirilen negatif hataların hesaplamaya dahil edilmesi ile toplam hatanın (net hata) yine pozitif olduğu ancak ortalama olarak % 35,1 ± 16,8 (ortanca: % 31,0) değerine düştüğü görülmüştür. Örneklemelerde denuder kullanılmadığı durumlarda, toplam PAH'lar için, ortalama olarak % 41,0 ± 14,6 (ortanca: % 33,8) düzeylerinde pozitif hata içeren sonuçların elde edileceği görülmüştür. Ozon kaynaklı negatif girişim, ortancalara göre, en fazla ACY (% 28), daha sonra FLA (% 20), PHE (%18) ve % 15 ile NP ve BghiP bileşiklerinde görülmüştür. PYR ve CHR bileşiklerinde bir etki görülmezken diğer tüm bireysel PAH bileşiklerinde %10 ve altında negatif hatalara rastlanmıştır. Toplam PAH bileşikleri açısından bakıldığında, atmosferik ozonun çalışma süresince ortalama olarak % 8 (ortanca: % 6,0) düzeylerinde negatif hatalara neden olduğu görülmüştür. Örnekleme ortamındaki sıcaklık C ve UC örnekleyicilerinden hesaplanan pozitif hata sonucunu etkilemediği görülmüştür. Ancak C ve UC örnekleyicilerinin backup filtrelerinde ölçülen OK değerlerinin sıcaklıkla doğru orantılı olarak arttığı görülmüştür. Ortam atmosferindeki bağıl nemin OK sonuçlarına önemli bir etkisinin olmadığı görülmüştür. Örnekleme ortamında sıcaklıklarda görülen artışların primer ve backup filtrelerde PAH kayıplarına neden olduğu, nem artışlarının ise çok düşük düzeylerde de olsa primer ve backup filtrelerde PAH tutulma kapasitesine pozitif yönde katkıda bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.
