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Öğe A 1-?W radiation-hard front-end in a 0.18-?m CMOS process for the MALTA2 monolithic sensor(IEEE-Institute Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc, 2022) Piro, F.; Allport, P.; Asensi, I.; Berdalovic, I.; Bortoletto, D.; Oyulmaz, Kaan YükselIn this article, a low-power, radiation-hard front-end circuit for monolithic pixel sensors, designed to meet the requirements of low noise and low pixel-to-pixel variability, the key features to achieve high detection efficiencies, is presented. The sensor features a small collection electrode to achieve a small capacitance (<5 fF) and allows full CMOS in-pixel circuitry. The circuit is implemented in the 180-nm CMOS imaging technology from the TowerJazz foundry and integrated into the MALTA2 chip, which is part of a development that targets the specifications of the outer pixel layer of the ATLAS Inner Tracker upgrade at the LHC. One of the main challenges for monolithic sensors is a radiation hardness up to 10(15) 1-MeV n(eq)/cm(2) non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) and 80 Mrad total ionizing dose (TID) required for this application. Tests up to 3 . 10(15) 1-MeV n(eq)/cm(2) and 100 Mrad were performed on the MALTA2 sensor and front-end circuit, which still show good performance even after these levels of irradiation, promising for even more demanding applications such as the future experiments at the high-luminosity large hadron collider (HL-LHC).Öğe Future developments of radiation tolerant sensors based on the MALTA architecture(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2023) Dobrijevic, D.; Allport, P.; Asensi, I.; Berlea, D.; Bortoletto, D.; Oyulmaz, Kaan YükselThe planned MALTA3 DMAPS designed in the standard TowerJazz 180 nm imaging process will implement the numerous process modifications, as well as front-end changes in order to boost the charge collection efficiency after the targeted fluence of 1 x 1015 1 MeV neq/cm2. The effectiveness of these changes have been demonstrated with recent measurements of the full size MALTA2 chip. With the original MALTA concept being fully asynchronous, a small-scale MiniMALTA demonstrator chip has been developed with the intention of bridging the gap between the asynchronous pixel matrix, and the synchronous DAQ. This readout architecture will serve as a baseline for MALTA3, with focus on improved timing performance. The synchronization memory has been upgraded to allow clock speeds of up to 1.28 GHz, with the goal of achieving a sub-nanosecond on-chip timing resolution. The subsequent digital readout chain has been modified and will be discussed in the context of the overall sensor architecture.Öğe Radiation hardness and timing performance in MALTA monolithic pixel sensors in TowerJazz 180 nm(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2022) Rijnbach, M. van; Allport, P.; Asensi, I.; Berdalovic, I.; Bortoletto, D.; Buttar, C.; Denizli, Haluk; Oyulmaz, Kaan YükselThe MALTA family of depleted monolithic pixel sensors produced in TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS technology target radiation hard applications for the HL-LHC and beyond. Several process modifications and front-end improvements have resulted in radiation hardness >10(15) 1 MeV n(eq)/cm(2) and time resolution below 2 ns, with uniform charge collection and efficiency across the pixel of size 36.4 x 36.4 mu m(2) with small collection electrode. This contribution will present the comparison of samples produced on high-resistivity epitaxial silicon with Czochralski substrates, before and after neutron irradiation, and results from MALTA2 with a new cascoded front-end flavour that further reduces the RTS noise.Öğe Timing performance of radiation hard MALTA monolithic pixel sensors(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2023) Gustavino, G.; Allport, P.; Asensi, I.; Berlea, D. V.; Bortoletto, D.; Denizli, Haluk; Oyulmaz, Kaan YükselThe MALTA family of Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (DMAPS) produced in Tower 180 nm CMOS technology targets radiation hard applications for the HL-LHC and beyond. Several process modifications and front-end improvements have resulted in radiation hardness up to 2 x 10(15) 1 MeV n(eq)/cm(2) and time resolution below 2 ns, with uniform charge collection efficiency across the pixel of size 36.4 x 36.4 mu m(2) with a 3 mu m(2) electrode size. The MALTA2 demonstrator produced in 2021 on high-resistivity epitaxial silicon and on Czochralski substrates implements a new cascoded front-end that reduces the RTS noise and has a higher gain. This contribution shows results from MALTA2 on timing resolution at the nanosecond level from the CERN SPS test-beam campaign of 2021.