Üskül, Ayşe K.Hausler, Alexander KirchnerVignoles, Vivian L.Bailon, Rosa RodriguezCastillo, Vanessa A.Yalçın, Meral Gezici2023-09-192023-09-192023Uskul, A., Kirchner-Häusler, A., Vignoles, V., Rodriguez-Bailon, R., Castillo, V., Cross, S. E., ... & Uchida, Y. (2023). Neither Eastern nor Western: Patterns of independence and interdependence in Mediterranean societies.0022-35141939-1315http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000342https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12491/11711The research was supported by a H2020 European Research Council Consolidator Grant (HONORLOGIC, 817577) awarded to Ayse K. Uskul. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.Social science research has highlighted honor as a central value driving social behavior in Mediterranean societies, which requires individuals to develop and protect a sense of their personal self-worth and their social reputation, through assertiveness, competitiveness, and retaliation in the face of threats. We predicted that members of Mediterranean societies may exhibit a distinctive combination of independent and interdependent social orientation, self-construal, and cognitive style, compared to more commonly studied East Asian and Anglo-Western cultural groups. We compared participants from eight Mediterranean societies (Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus [Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities], Lebanon, Egypt) to participants from East Asian (Korea, Japan) and Anglo-Western (the United Kingdom, the United States) societies, using six implicit social orientation indicators, an eight-dimensional self-construal scale, and four cognitive style indicators. Compared with both East Asian and Anglo-Western samples, samples from Mediterranean societies distinctively emphasized several forms of independence (relative intensity of disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, happiness based on disengaging [vs. engaging] emotions, dispositional [vs. situational] attribution style, self-construal as different from others, self-directed, self-reliant, self-expressive, and consistent) and interdependence (closeness to in-group [vs. out-group] members, self-construal as connected and committed to close others). Our findings extend previous insights into patterns of cultural orientation beyond commonly examined East-West comparisons to an understudied world region.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessArticle10.1037/pspa00003421253471495371260532-s2.0-85153239597Q1WOS:000980129100001Q1