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Öğe The effect of spiritual orientations and religious attitudes on coping with the difficulties encountered by family caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease in Türkiye(Springer, 2023) Şentürk, Sibel; Can, Satı; Çiçek, Saadet CanThis study aimed to determine the effect of spiritual orientations and religious attitudes on coping with the difficulties of family caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 113 family caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease who came to be examined in the Neurology outpatient clinic of a Training and Research Hospital in T & uuml;rkiye between July and September 2023. Data were obtained using a Patient and Family Caregivers Information Form, the Spiritual Orientation Scale (SOS), and the Ok-Religious Attitude Scale (Islam) (ORASI). The mean age of the family caregivers was 55.6 +/- 14.2, the SOS total mean score was 89.1 +/- 16.2, and the ORASI total score mean was 34.4 +/- 4.0. It was determined that 61.1% of the caregivers experienced changes psychologically, 57.5% in their social life, 58.4% in their home life, and 57.5% in their family relationships. A statistically significant relationship was detected between the ORASI of family caregivers who experienced financial and physical distress and the SOS of those who experienced physical and psychological distress (p < 0.05). It was determined that family caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease were affected in many areas physically, socially, and psychologically and that their spiritual orientation and religious attitudes were effective in coping with the problems experienced. Training and support programs are recommended for nurses to develop positive religious attitudes, increase their spiritual orientation and reduce the care burden, taking into account the beliefs and values of family caregivers.Öğe Evaluation of irrigation water quality of aksaray region by using geographic information system(North Univ Baia Mare, 2012) Karadavut, Sedat; Delibaş, Lokman; Kalıpçı, Erkan; Özdemir, Celalettin; Karadavut, İbrahim SametIn this study, the quality of irrigation water was determined in Aksaray region which is one of the most important agricultural lands of Turkey, the facts causing pollution were specified and the precautions that should be taken were discussed. Within the scope of this study, 38 samples were taken from the water of 24 wells, 4 dams, 9 ponds and 1 source water. In order to use the data more effectively, irrigation water quality index map of Aksaray region including the results of the samples (EC, SAR, B, Cl-, NO3-, HCO3- and pH) was prepared by using Geographic Information System (GIS). According to irrigation water quality index map, all surface water sources were found to be suitable for irrigation with high and medium irrigation water quality index. EC, SAR, Cl, HCO3 values were found as high in Acipinar well and Aratol well regions whereas EC and Cl values were high in Taspinar well region. It was determined that underground water sources have low irrigation water quality index value along in the range of Taspinar region and Tuz Lake whereas they have generally medium irrigation water quality index value. The soil being heavy-texture and salty structure in the region and the level of ground water being high were caused by lack of adequate drainage system. For this reason, good and adequate drainage system should be configured in order to provide no increase in salt accumulation in the soil, to get an opportunity for more appropriate land use and to increase the yield per unit area.Öğe Soil respiration and root biomass responses to burning in Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) stands in Edirne, Turkey(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın; Küçük, Mehmet; Bilmiş, Tuncay; Altun, Lokman; Yılmaz, MuratIn this study, soil properties and root biomass responses to prescribed fire were investigated in 25-30 year-old calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) stands in Edirne, Turkey The stands were established by planting and were subjected to prescribed burning in July, 2005. Soil respiration rates were determined every two months using the soda-lime method over a two-year period. Fine (>= 2 mm diameter) and small root (> 2-5 mm diameter) biomass were sampled approximately bimonthly using the sequential coring method. Soil respiration rates in burned sites were significantly higher than in control sites during the summer season but there was no significant difference in the other seasons. Soil respiration rates were correlated significantly with soil moisture and soil temperature. Fine and small root biomass were significantly lower in burned sites than in control sites. Mean fine root biomass values were 3204 kg ha(-1) for burned and 3772 kg ha(-1) for control sites. Annual soil CO2 releases totaled 515 g C m(-2) for burned and 418 g C m(-2) for control sites. Our results indicate that, depending on site conditions, fire could be used successfully as a tool in the management of calabrian pine stands in the study area.Öğe The effect of zn substitution of ca in BiPbSrCaCuO superconductors sintered at 830 degrees C(Springer, 2009) Kocabaş, Kemal; Şakiroğlu, Serpil; Çiftçioğlu, Muhsin; Ercan, İsmail; Epik, HakanThe effect of partial substitution of Ca by Zn in Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2-xZnxCu3Oy at x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 levels on the electrical and structural properties was investigated in this work. The characterization of the ceramics prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method were done by resistance-temperature measurements, XRD, SEM and density analysis. Low levels of Zn substitution of Ca caused significant changes in the properties of the ceramics. The low-T-c superconducting properties were enhanced and the fraction of the low-T-c (2212) phase were found to increase at x = 0.15 level of Zn substitution at 830 degrees C sintering temperature. Zero resistance was observed only in sample D with x = 0.15 and the T-c was determined as 92 K. The SEM micrographs and the density analysis have shown that this was the densest packed ceramic.Öğe The effects of heat treatment on some technological properties in Uludag fir (Abies bornmuellerinana Mattf.) wood(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2008) Korkut, SuleymanHeat treatment is often applied to improve the dimensional stability of woods. In this study, the effect of heat treatment on some mechanical properties of Uludag fir wood (Abies bornmuellerinana Mattf,) having industrially high usage potential and large plantations in Turkey was evaluated. Samples collected from Bolu Forest Enterprises, Turkey were subjected to heat treatment for varying temperatures and durations. Then, the treated and control samples were tested for some mechanical properties; compression strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity in bending, janka-hardness, impact bending strength and tension strength perpendicular to grain. The results indicated that treated samples had lower mechanical properties compared to the control samples. In addition, increase in temperature and durations decreased the mechanical properties. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Manufacture of medium density fiberboard (MDF) panels from rhododendron (R-ponticum L.) biomass(Elsevier Science Ltd., 2008) Akgül, Mehmet; Çamlıbel, OsmanRhododendron has invaded the understory layer of the forests throughout the Black Sea Region of Turkey with substantial biomass potential. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of Rhododendron fiber for medium density fiberboard (MDF) production. For the evaluation, rhododendron and industrial wood compositions at different mixture rates were compared for some of the chemical properties, such as holocellulose, alfa-cellulose, lignin and ash contents, alcohol-benzene, solubility in dilute alkali (1% NaOH), and hot- and cold-water solubility. In addition, rhododendron fiber properties such as fiber length, diameters and cell wall thickness were determined. For the experiment rhododendron and commercially manufactured chip (Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus robur L.) with 11% moisture content were used. The mixing ratios of rhododendron with commercially manufactured chip were 100:0%, 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75% and 0:100%, respectively. A commercial urea-formaldchyde (UF) adhesive was used as a binder. Chemical properties including; holo, alfa-cellulose, lignin and ash contents, alcohol-benzene solubility in dilute alkali (11% NaOH), hot- and cold-water solubility were determined. In addition, some of the physical and mechanical properties such as density, thickness swelling (TS), bending strength (BS), modulus elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB), screw-holding ability perpendicular to the plane of panel, janka hardness perpendicular to the plane of panel properties of MDF were also measured. Chemical composition, solubility of rhododendron-wood are similar to those of hardwoods in general. More over, the values of rhododendron-wood fiber lengths, diameters and cell wall thickness are also in the range of values reported for hardwoods. The results indicated that all the panels met the general-purpose use requirements of TS-EN. Thus, our results suggest that rhododendron biomass can be an alternative raw material for MDF manufacturing. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effect of porosity content on the weldability of powder metal parts produced by friction stir welding(Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2007) Kurt, Adem; Uygur, İlyas; Ateş, HakanFriction stir welding technique (FSW) has many advantages in terms of tool design, rotational speed and traveling speed, and can be adjusted in a precise manner. It enables heat input into the system to be controlled. In this study, Aluminum powders were compacted at 350,400 and 450 MPa pressure and sintered at 450 degrees C temperature for 30 minutes in Ar atmosphere. Sintered powder metal parts were joined to each other by FSW at the speed of 1800 rpm and traveling welding speed 200 mm/min under a constant friction force. The results show that the amount of porosity affects the welclability of powder metallurgy (P/M) parts. Furthermore, the porosity and microstructural evolution of the Aluminum also affected the hardness values of the tested materials.Öğe Effects of seedbed density on one-year-old Fraxinus angustifolia seedling characteristics and outplanting performance(Springer, 2007) Çiçek, Emrah; Çiçek, Nurten; Bilir, NebiTo assess the effects of seedling spacing on one-year-old seedling morphology in the nursery, seeds of three provenances of Fraxinus angustifolia were sown at five different seedling spacings within rows of two different spacings in the seedbed. Subsequent growth performance of one-year-old seedlings was assessed by planting in the forest. Within row spacings were: 4.3, 5.0, 6.3, 8.3, and 12.5 cm, and there were five rows at 20 cm apart, or three rows at 33 cm apart across the 1.2 m wide seedbeds. Both spacings within and between rows significantly affected shoot height, root collar diameter, root dry weight and shoot dry weight, but not root/shoot ratio. Wider spacings produced larger seedlings, but only the wider spacing within rows significantly increased fine and coarse root mass. Provenances showed significant differences in diameter, root/shoot ratio, and fine and coarse roots, and they also showed interactions with row spacings in height and diameter measurements. One year after outplanting, diameter growth was significantly related to provenance, and diameter growth was 88% greater for trees from 33 cm nursery row spacing than those from 20 cm nursery row spacing.Öğe Effects of different pretreatments on germination of Prunus serotina seed sources(Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India), 2007) Eşen, Derya; Yıldız, Oktay; Sargıncı, Murat; Işık, KaniEstablishing intensive plantations of fast growing hardwood tree species that have high market values in the forest industry can narrow the gap between Turkey's demand and the supply of quality hardwood products. Black cherry (P. serotina Ehrh.) is a fast growing hardwood species with a high market value. Introducing and intensively growing black cherry (BC) in Turkey may significantly reduce the country's quality wood shortage. Adequate seed germination constitutes the first essential step for successful establishments. In this paper, effects of different pretreatments, including artificial and natural stratification, on the seeds of different BC seed sources (SSs) were studied. Pretreatments had substantial effects on the dormancy breaking and germination behaviours of the SSs. Consecutive periods of complex warm and cold artificial stratification regimes longer than 90 days or natural stratification (where seeds were assumed to be naturally exposed to this complexity) resulted in best dormancy breaking and, in turn, germination among all pretreatments. Deeper dormancy and reduced germination rates of some BC seeds as the altitude of the source increases might suggest an ecological adaptive strategy of the species. BC may have deeper morphophysiological dormancy than is commonly believed. Seed size may have a positive effect on seed germination.Öğe Re-design, re-use and recycle of temporary houses(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2007) Arslan, HakanDisasters are recurring to global problems, which results in homelessness. The affected region had economical, environmental and social problems as well. In relief and reconstruction phases, the need for integrated management appeared in order to use the national sources actively and productively. Especially housing implementations had an important role for future development of the affected region. For accelerating the reconstruction of the region and forming a sustainable community, which maintains itself socially, environmentally and economically over time; energy usage for construction should be kept to a minimum. Past research in Turkey shows that the cost of temporary houses (to be used as the short term shelter) had a ratio of 10-15% of the total expenses of whole construction activity. For saving money and protecting the environment and conserving scarce resources, the affected region must consider the option of temporary houses to meet their short and long-term need during the reconstruction process. After the end of usage, temporary houses should be able to be re-used for the same or new function. This study is a test of re-design and re-use of a temporary housing site; by using recycled materials, minimum energy and voluntary participation so that this site can finally become a permanent housing site. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Similarity relation matrix-based color edge detection(Elsevier Gmbh, Urban & Fischer Verlag, 2007) Demirci, RecepA novel edge detection algorithm for color images was described in this paper. In the proposed method, smoothness of each pixel in color image is firstly calculated by means of similarity relation matrix and is normalized to maximum gray level. In other words, color image in three-dimensional color spaces is mapped into one dimension. Accordingly the edges are performed in such a way that pixels lower than thresholds are assigned to be edge. Thus with proposed method, edge pixels in a color image are detected simultaneously without any complex calculations such as gradient, Laplace and statistical calculations. (c) 2006 Elsevier GrnbH. All rights reserved.Öğe The effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties of steel sheets(Natl Acad Sciences Ukraine, Inst Metal Physics, 2007) Uygur, I.; Gülenç, B.; Özyılmaz, A.In this study, resistance spot welding of steel sheets, which are widely used in the house-goods and car manufacturing industry, are studied. The investigations of tensile-shear strength, hardness and microstructure of the welded parts are carried out in order to find the effects of welding period and applied electrode force pressure. Welding periods are chosen as 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cycles, and applied electrode forces are increased from 3 to 6 kN. The welding current is kept constant at 5 kA. The samples are exposed to tensile-shear and hardness tests and metallographic examinations, and suitable welding parameters are advised to users. The results show that an increasing of both the welding period and the applied electrode force increase the tensile-shearing strength and hardness of the welding nugget.Öğe Crystalline structure of heat-treated Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris L.] and Uludag fir [Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) subsp bornmuelleriana (Mattf.)] wood(Springer, 2007) Akgül, Mehmet; Gümüşkaya, Esat; Korkut, SüleymanThe aim of this study was to determine changes in crystallinity and crystalline unit cell type of heat-treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Uludag fir (Abies nordmanniana stev. subsp. bornmuelleriana Mattf.) wood samples by means of FT-IR spectroscopic method. Heat treatment was applied on the test samples in an oven at three different temperatures (120, 150, and 180 degrees C) and for two different periods of time (6 and 10 h) under atmospheric pressure. It was designated that crystallinity of both Scots pine and Uludag fir wood samples increased during heat treatment depending on the duration. However, monoclinic structure in crystalline unit cells of Scots pine and Uludag fir wood samples converted to triclinic structure when heat treated. It was estimated that monoclinic structure was dominant in the crystalline unit cell. It was established that the crystalline structure of Scots pine wood samples was more affected by heat treatment than that of Uludag fir wood samples.Öğe Elution characteristics and mechanical properties of calcium sulfate-loaded bone cement containing teicoplanin(Springer Tokyo, 2007) Tüzüner, Tolga; Uygur, İlyas; Şencan, İrfan; Haklar, Uğur; Oktaş, Birhan; Özdemir, DavutBackground. Acrylic bone cement is the most widely used drug delivery system clinically. It has already been shown that antibiotic release is significantly increased when calcium sulfate-loaded acrylic bone cement is used. However, there is no information yet about the mechanical responses of these composite materials. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium sulfate on the elution characteristics and mechanical behavior of teicoplanin-loaded acrylic bone cement. Methods. Four groups of acrylic bone cements (GI, GII, GIII, GIV) were prepared using the same liquid/powder ratios. After mixing, the bone cement and additive mixtures were packed into different-type molds to prepare the specimens for the elution and mechanical tests. All of the specimens were tested for two conditions (dry and human plasma solution). The mechanical tests included the setting time (hardness) and tensile, bending, and compression strengths. The fracture surfaces of the failed samples were also examined by scanning electron microscopy. Results. Teicoplanin release in the calcium sulfate powder added groups (GIII and GIV) was higher than that of GII. When the calcium sulfate and teicoplanin were added on acrylic bone cement, the compressive, bending and tensile strength, hardness values, and elastic modulus decreased. Also, further reductions were evident in human plasma solution. Conclusions. Although mechanical properties of tested specimens decreased, all of the results obtained were higher than those required by the American Society for Testing and Materials Standards, but further investigations are necessary before making definitive statements for clinical applications.Öğe Seed germination of three Ulmus species from Turkey as influenced by temperature and light(Triveni Enterprises, 2007) Çiçek, Emrah; Tilki, FahrettinThe effect of temperature and light on the germination performance of Ulmus minor, Ulmus glabra and Ulmus laevis were studied in this research.Seeds were germinated under constant temperatures of 20 and 25 degrees C and alternating temperatures of 25/ and 30/20 degrees C. Within each temperature regime, seeds were subjected daily to the following photoperiods: total darkness and 8 hr photoperiod. Temperature and light affected seed germination percentage (GP) and germination rate expressed as peak value (PV) in Ulmus minor and 25 and 30/20 degrees C under light gave the highest GP (>95%) and PV(>23), The temperatures of 25/15 and 30/20 degrees C gave the highest GP (>89%) in Ulmus glabra and light did not significantly affect GP But the highest PV in Ulmus glabra was found at these temperatures under light. Germination percentage of Ulmus laevis was not affected by temperature and light, but the alternating temperature of 30/20 degrees C produced the highest germination rate under darkness.Öğe Effect of drying temperature on surface roughness of oak (Quercus petraea ssp iberica (Steven ex Bieb) Krassiln) Veneer(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2007) Korkut, Süleyman; Akgül, MehmetThis paper reports the effect of various drying temperatures on the surface roughness (SR) characteristics of veneer samples. Three SR parameters [average roughness (R-a), average maximum height of the profile (R-z), and root mean square roughness (R-q)] were measured on sliced veneer obtained from Oak logs (Quercus petraea ssp. iberica (Steven ex Bieb) Krassiln). The sliced veneers were dried at 100, 115 and 130 degrees C drying temperatures for 2 min. Roughness measurements were taken from the surface of the samples in across the grain orientation of the veneer. The results showed that the effect of drying temperatures used in practice is statistically significant on SR of the sliced veneers. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe A comparison of kraft and kraft-sodium borohydrate brutia pine pulps(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2007) Akgül, Mehmet; Çöpür, Yalçın; Temiz, SeyfettinAlthough the reaction of borohydrate with lignin is well-known, limited literature is available regarding the effect of borohydrate on kraft pulp yield and pulp and fiber properties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to study the effects of borohydrate on kraft pulps for Burita pine. First, the optimal cooking conditions for kraft method were determined by varying the active alkali (16% and 18%) and cooking time (60, 90, and 120min). Then, kraft-sodium borohydrate cooks were done at optimal kraft condition by adding sodium borohydrate to the cooking liquor at the amount of 1%, 2%, and 3% (o.d. wood). The results indicated that adding sodium borohydrate in kraft cook not only increases the pulp yield but also significantly decreases the amount of rejects leading to improved selectivity of the lignin removal and delignification rate. Also, kraft-sodium-borohydrate pulps gave higher pulp viscosity and brightness; however, the strength properties were little lower compared to the kraft method. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Some chemical properties of hazelnut husk and its suitability for particleboard production(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2007) Çöpür, Yalçın; Güler, Cengiz; Akgül, Mehmet; Taşçıoğlu, CihatHazelnut husk is a renewable natural resource that has not industrial utilization yet. The objective of this study was to examine some chemical properties (holocellulose, cellulose, lignin and ash contents, alcohol-benzene, hot and cold water solubility and solubility in dilute alkali (1% NaOH)) of hazelnut husk and to evaluate its suitability to produce composite panels. For this study, particleboards were produced using hazelnut husk as an alternative raw material for the forest products industry. Two panel density levels (0.6 and 0.7 g/cm(3)) and three types of resins (urea-formaldehyde (UF), phenol formaldehyde (PF), melamine-formaldehyde (MUF)) were selected as treatments. The findings indicated that hazelnut husk waste is a valuable renewable natural resource for particleboard production and could be utilized as a substitute for wood in board production. Its shortcomings, such as higher water absorption and thickness swelling could easily be controlled by adding water repellent chemicals in production. The bending and the internal bond strength properties of the hazelnut husk boards produced met the requirement for the general purpose product standards (TS-EN 312-2) at 0.70 g/cm(3) density. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Spatial distribution and temporal change of carbon storage in timber biomass of two different forest management units(Springer, 2007) Sivrikaya, Fatih; Keleş, Sedat; Çakır, GülenayForests make up large ecosystems and can play an important role in mitigating the emissions of CO2, the most important greenhouse gas. However, they are sources of atmospheric carbon when they are disturbed by human or natural causes. Storage of carbon through expansion and adaptive management of forest ecosystems can assist in reducing carbon concentrations in atmosphere. This study proposes a methodology to produce spatially explicit estimates of the carbon storages (aboveground plus belowground) depending on land use/cover changes in two different forest ecosystems during various periods. Carbon storages for each forest ecosystem were projected according to inventory data, and carbon storages were mapped in a geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that total carbon stored in above and belowground of both forest ecosystems increased from one period to other because of especially increase of productive forest areas and decline of degraded forest areas as well as protection of spruce forests subject to insect attacks.Öğe Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic behaviour of a mononuclear Fe(III) - schiff base metal complex(Oldenbourg Verlag, 2006) Nazır, Hasan; Akben, Nimet Sapmaz; Ateş, Meltem Bürke; Sözeri, Hüseyin; Ercan, İsmail; Atakol, Orhan; Ercan, FilizA complex from Fe(II) and a hexa-dentate linear ligand containing O2N4 donor atoms were prepared and the structure enlightened with X-ray diffraction. The Fe(II) ion in the complex was seen to be oxidized to form a Fe(III) complex, [C20H24Cl3N4O2]Fe and the three chloride ions were situated at a distance of Fe...Cl(1) 3.976(5), Fe... Cl(2) 4.479(3) and Fe... Cl(3) 7.509(4) (A) over circle outside the coordination sphere. The Fe(III) ion has an octahedral coordination sphere and as expected the two oxygen donor atoms are coordinated in a -cis position. The Fe-O, Fe-N-imin and Fe-N-amine distances are 1.880(3) (A) over circle, 1.931(4) (A) over circle and 2.004(4) (A) over circle, respectively.
