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  • Küçük Resim
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    Interaction effects of chlorine and phosphorus on thermochemical behaviors of heavy metals during incineration of sulfur-rich textile dyeing sludge
    (Elsevier Science Sa, 2018) Liu, Jingyong; Zhuo, Zhongxu; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Lu, Xingwen; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih
    Sulfur (S)-rich textile dyeing sludge (TDSS) with different chlorine (Cl) and phosphorus (P) contents was incinerated at 900 degrees C to determine interaction effects of Cl and P on the distributions and transformations of the seven heavy metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Cd). The volatilizations of the heavy metals were adversely affected by the P addition. The Cl addition in low concentrations offset the negative effects of P on the Ni, Cr and Mn volatilizations. An interaction effect between Cl and P was found on the Pb and Cd volatilizations. Up to certain Cl and P concentrations, their synergistic effect restrained the Ni, Cu, Mn and Cr volatilizations but promoted the Zn volatilization. The addition of Cl/P in different ratios changed the distributions of Cu, Mn, Pb, and Cd. The addition of over 1% NH4Cl and NH4H2PO4 together decreased the residual fractions mainly transformed into oxidizable forms (6.5-19.7%) which in turn raised their potential toxicity and bioavailability. With the decreased Cl and S contents of the bottom ash, the volatilization rate of Cl was higher than that of S. The NH4H2PO4 addition increased the Ca content on the surface but decreased the Cl and S contents. S emissions were mainly in the forms of SO2, SO3, COS, CS2, and H2SO4, with Cl emission in the form of HCl. The increased P content was correlated with the Cl volatilization positively and the S volatilization negatively. The increased P content decreased the S volatilization by 11.2-17.0% with the addition of up to 1% Cl.
  • Küçük Resim
    Öğe
    Thermochemical behaviorsof textile dying sludge, paper mill sludge, and their blends during (co -)combustion
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wenhao; Zhuo, Zhongxu; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih
    This study aimed at the quantification of thermochemical behaviors of textile dye sludge (TDS), paper mill sludge (PMS), and their various blend ratios during (co -)combustion. Changes in Mass loss percentage (MLP) and rate (MLR) were estimated as a function of temperature, heating rate, and blend ratio. Our results pointed to a direct influence of blend ratios on mass loss percentage. Stochastic uncertainties and sensitivities associated with best -fit predictions of MLP and MLR responses were detected using all-at-once versus one-at-a-time Monte Carlo simulations. Co -combustion of TDS and PMS provided more flame stability owing to their volatile matter contents than did the combustion of pure TDS or PMS. The high C and H contents of TDS relative to those of PMS led to high lower heating value (higher energy). Effect of increased temperature on the co -combustion manifested itself in the breakdown of (hemi-)cellulose initially and lignin progressively in TDS and PMS. The increasing TDS of the blend ratio increased both MLP and MLR. Stochastic uncertainty analysis of the deterministic empirical models pinpointed overestimation by 15.6% in mean MLP and by 50% in mean MLR. Sensitivity analysis pointed to blend ratio as the most influential predictor on both MLP and MLR.