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Öğe Atmospheric concentrations, distributions and air-soil exchange tendencies of PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized area in Kocaeli, Turkey(Elsevier Ltd, 2017) Çetin, Banu; Yurdakul, Sema; Keleş, Melek; Çelik Sağlam, Işıl; Öztürk, Fatma; Doğan, CevdetDilovasi is one of the heavily industrialized areas in Turkey with serious environmental problems. In this study, the atmospheric concentration of PAHs and PCBs were measured for a whole year at 23 sites. The average ambient air ?15PAH and ?41PCB concentrations were found as 285 ± 431 ng m?3 and 4152 ± 6072 pg m?3, respectively. PAH concentrations increased with decreasing temperature especially in urban areas, indicating the impact of residential heating. However, PCB concentrations mostly increased with temperature probably due to enhanced volatilization from their sources. The gradient obtained for PCBs, rural < suburban < urban < industrial/urban, is more clear than those obtained for PAHs. The average ?15PAH and ?41PCB soil concentrations were found as 992 ± 1323 and 18.8 ± 32.0 ?g kg?1, respectively. PCB soil concentrations did not show significant temporal variations while PAH concentrations were variable especially for urban areas. The volatilization tendencies of low and medium molecular weight PAHs from soil to air were higher in industrial-urban areas than rural sites, showing that soil was a secondary source for PAHs. Fugacity ratios of PCBs were mostly <1.0 for the whole sampling period. Although the source/sink tendency of soil for some PCBs depends on their volatility, considering the whole data, PCBs were generally deposited to soil. © 2017 Elsevier LtdÖğe Levels, temporal/spatial variations and sources of PAHs and PCBs in soil of a highly industrialized area(2019) Yurdakul, Sema; Coşkun, Işıl Çelik; Çelen, Meltem; Dönmez, Fatma Öztürk; Çetin, BanuSoil can be accepted as environmental medium which indicating the level and spatial distribution of POPs coming from different air pollution sources. In this study, monthly soil samples were collected at 23 sites during one year for the investigation of PAHs and PCBs in Dilovasi region which is the district of Kocaeli and is considered to be the center of industry in Turkey. Both PAHs and PCBs concentrations displayed great variability. ?15PAH concentrations were found between 49 and 10,512 ?g/kg (in dry weight) (avg ± sd; 992 ± 1323 ?g/ kg), and ?41PCB concentrations were found between 0.83 and 239 ?g/kg (in dry weight) (avg ± sd; 18.8 ± 32.0 ?g/kg). As sampling points were grouped according to their sectors, the average ?15PAH concentrations were found to be 738 ± 444 ?g/kg, 1017 ± 515 ?g/kg and 1141 ± 835 ?g/kg for suburban, urban and industrial areas, respectively, and the average ?41PCB concentrations were found to be 3.95 ± 1.08 ?g/kg, 10.02 ± 2.1 ?g/kg and 32.75 ± 34.2 ?g/kg for suburban, urban and industrial areas, respectively. According to the results of the PMF, it was observed that the traffic, domestic heating and industrial activities were the sources of the PAHs, industrial activities were the sources of the PCBs in the soil of Dilovasi. The average benzo (a)pyrene equivalent concentration of carcinogenic PAHs was found to be 472.2 ± 730.26 ?g kg?1 . Therefore, Dilovasi soil posed a potential risk to human health. On the other hand, calculated TEQ concentrations of soil samples were below the limit value according to the Canadian Soil Quality Standard.Öğe PAHs and PCBs in an Eastern Mediterranean megacity, Istanbul: their spatial and temporal distributions, air-soil exchange and toxicological effects(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Çetin, Banu; Öztürk, Fatma; Keleş, Melek; Yurdakul, SemaIstanbul, one of the mega cities in the world located between Asia and Europe, has suffered from severe air pollution problems due to rapid population growth, traffic and industry. Atmospheric levels of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Istanbul at 22 sampling sites during four different sampling periods using PUF disk passive air samplers and spatial and temporal variations of these chemicals were determined. Soil samples were also taken at the air sampling sites. At all sites, the average ambient air Sigma(15)PAH and Sigma 41PCB concentrations were found as 85.6 +/- 68.3 ng m(-3) and 246 +/- 122 pg m(-3), respectively. Phenanthrene and anthracene were the predominant PAHs and low molecular weight congeners dominated the PCBs. The PAH concentrations were higher especially at urban sites close to highways. However, the PCBs showed moderately uniform spatial variations. Except four sites, the PAH concentrations were increased with decreasing temperatures during the sampling period, indicating the contributions of combustion sources for residential heating, while PCB concentrations were mostly increased with the temperature, probably due to enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures from their sources. The results of the Factor Analysis represented the impact of traffic, petroleum, coal/biomass and natural gas combustion and medical waste incineration plants on ambient air concentrations. A similar spatial distribution trend was observed in the soil samples. Fugacity ratio results indicated that the source/sink tendency of soil for PAHs and PCBs depends on their volatility and temperature; soil generally acts as a source for lighter PAHs and PCBs particularly in higher temperatures while atmospheric deposition is a main source for higher molecular weight compounds in local soils. Toxicological effect studies also revealed the severity of air and soil pollution especially in terms of PAHs in Istanbul. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Source apportionment and carcinogenic risk assessment of passive air sampler-derived PAHs and PCBs in a heavily industrialized region(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Çetin, Banu; Yurdakul, Sema; Güngörmüş, Elif; Öztürk, Fatma; Sofuoğlu, Sait CemilCancer has become the primary reason of deaths in Dilovasi probably due to its location with unique topography under the influence of heavy industrialization and traffic. In this study, possible sources and carcinogenic health risks of PAHs and PCBs were investigated in Dilovasi region by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and the USEPA approach, respectively. PAHs and PCBs were measured monthly for a whole year at 23 sampling sites using PUF disk passive samplers. Average ambient air concentrations were found as 285 ± 431 ng/m3 and 4152 ± 6072 pg/m3, for ?15PAH and ?41PCB, respectively. PAH concentrations increased with decreasing temperature especially at urban sites, indicating the impact of residential heating in addition to industrial activities and traffic. On the other hand, PCB concentrations mostly increased with temperature probably due to enhanced volatilization from their sources. Possible sources of PAHs were found as emissions of diesel and gasoline vehicles, biomass and coal combustion, iron and steel industry, and unburned petroleum/petroleum products, whereas iron-steel production, coal and biomass burning, technical PCB mixtures, and industrial emissions were identified for PCBs. The mean carcinogenic risk associated with inhalation exposure to PAHs and PCBs were estimated to be >10?6 and >10?5, respectively, at all sampling points, while the 95th percentile was >10?5 at 15 of 23 and >10?4 at 8 of 23 sampling locations, respectively. Probabilistic assessment showed, especially for PCBs, that a majority of Dilovasi population face significant health risks. The higher risks due to PCBs further indicated that PCBs and possibly other pollutants originating from the same sources such as PBDEs and PCNs may be an important issue for the region. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
