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    The impact of sucrose and 6-benzylaminopurine on shoot propagation and vitrification in Aroniamelanocarpa (black chokeberry)
    (Springer, 2024) Bayhan, Nida; Yucesan, Buhara
    Vitrification is one of the most significant issues encountered in plant tissue culture applications. It diminishes the quality of in vitro plants, causing their leaves and stems to appear watery and translucent, and it may impede the success of the acclimatization step. In this respect, this study investigates the impact of sucrose and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on shoot regeneration and vitrification development in Aronia melanocarpa, known for its high antioxidant content and health benefits. Initially, the presence of BAP, in combination with varying sucrose concentrations, leads to a substantial increase in shoot number, and the largest number (7 shoots per nodal explant) was observed in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 3% sucrose and 5.0 mg/L BAP. Furthermore, sucrose concentration plays a crucial role in shoot growth, with higher concentrations promoting more extensive shoot development. However, when 3% sucrose was combined with higher BAP (from 1.0- to 5.0 mg/L), an increased incidence of vitrification was observed over time. Interestingly, lower sucrose concentrations (1% or 2%) combined with 0.5 mg/L or 2.5 mg/L BAP initially delayed vitrification but eventually led to its occurrence. Microscopic analysis of leaf samples with varying levels of vitrification indicates significant differences in the density of stomata, further confirming the detrimental impact of vitrification on cellular structures and physiological processes. The recovery of vitrified plants was evaluated using different growth media combinations. The absence of BAP in the medium led to higher recovery percentages (min 96%) without necrosis, while the addition of 0.5 mg/L BAP promoted shoot growth but potentially inhibited root development. It has been found that media with 1 mg/L BAP and either 10 g/L or 20 g/L sucrose, as well as media with 30 g/L sucrose and 0.5 mg/L BAP, are the most suitable for efficient shoot regeneration with minimal vitrification risk. However, increasing BAP levels for faster shoot regeneration also raises the risk of vitrification. During acclimatization, vitrified plants exhibited stunted shoot growth, shorter and narrower leaves, reduced root numbers and lengths, and decreased survival rates, particularly under lower humidity conditions. The cultivation period required for the recovery of the crop was determined to be 6 weeks under greenhouse conditions for a sustainable plant propagation.
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    Nanoelicitation: A Promising and Emerging Technology for Triggering the Sustainable In Vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plants
    (Springer Nature, 2022) Javed, Rabia; Yucesan, Buhara; Zia, Muhammad; Gurel, Ekrem
    To obtain larger amounts of secondary metabolites is essentially needed by the global industrial market that is not feasible by traditional methods because these are time-consuming and result in eradication of plant stock by overexploitation. Therefore, in vitro culturing techniques are adopted to obtain the maximum quantity of secondary metabolites in a minimum time. Elicitors are key players for getting desired yields of secondary metabolites in plants. Eliciting the in vitro cell and tissue cultures is an efficient approach for the production of medicinally important plant secondary metabolites. Different parameters of optimized micropropagation protocols are exploited to be used as elicitors for further enhancement of secondary metabolites from medicinal plant species. The secondary metabolites produced by the plant cells include phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and tannins. These metabolites are boosted under stressful conditions, whether biotic or abiotic in origin. The potential role of nanoparticles in the enhancement of secondary metabolic products in medicinal plants is a recent hot topic in the field of medicinal plant biotechnology. Nanoparticles have evolved as potent novel elicitors that significantly stimulate medicinal plant secondary metabolism. Various kinds of nanoparticles including metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles and carbon-based nanomaterials are believed to induce abiotic stress to medicinal plants under in vitro conditions by which plant defense system is elicited, triggering biochemical as well as physiological responses, consequently producing enhanced and sustainable quantities of secondary metabolites. These industrially important bioactive metabolites are beneficial for the prevention of multiple diseases in the health-care system. Therefore, nanoelicitation should be applied as an effective tool for ameliorated stimulation and accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, in some cases, after the efficient uptake and translocation, nanoparticles produce deleterious effects causing phytotoxicity. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.