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Öğe Changes in antioxidant and color properties of raisins according to variety and drying method(MDPI, 2023) Ünal, Mehmet Settar; Güler, Emrah; Yaman, MehmetRaisins are a significant grape product with an annual trade volume of approximately USD 2 billion. There are various methods employed for drying grapes into raisins. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different drying methods on raisins, specifically, without pretreatment (SD), treatment with potassium carbonate (5%) containing 2% olive oil (POT), and treatment with ashy water with 2.5% olive oil (AOW). The study examined the changes in raisin weight, physicochemical characteristics, total phenolics, antioxidant and anthocyanin contents, color properties, and protein content in three grape varieties: Deyvani, Haseni, and Resek. The results indicated that POT treatment resulted in the lightest raisins in Deyvani (0.48 g) and Resek (0.58 g), while Haseni exhibited the heaviest raisins (0.64 g) under the same treatment. The variations in physicochemical characteristics were relatively limited compared to the changes observed in phenolic and antioxidant properties. Nontreated raisins had the lowest anthocyanin content across all varieties. Protein content was significantly affected by the POT treatment, while the effects of the AOW and SD treatments were comparatively minor. SD drying resulted in slightly brighter raisins, but lower phenolic content and significantly lower color properties. The findings of this study highlight the differential effects of drying methods on different grape varieties, emphasizing the importance of considering a variety-specific approach when selecting the drying method.Öğe First report of charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina on kiwifruit in Turkey(Springer, 2020) Türkkan, Muharrem; Benli, Halil İbrahim; Yılmaz, Özkan; Özer, Göksel; Yaman, Mehmet; Şahin, Nusret; Erper, İsmailDuring June and August in 2018, kiwifruit (cv. Hayward) plants exhibiting symptoms of charcoal rot including chlorosis, necrosis, leaf shedding, root rot, and trunk dry rot were observed with an incidence of up 5% in three commercial orchards located in Altınordu, Fatsa and Perşembe districts of Ordu province. After surface sterilization with 1% NaClO, small pieces excised from root tissues of diseased plants were rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, dried on sterile filter papers and aseptically transferred to plates containing potato dextrose agar.Öğe First report of verticillium dahliae causing verticillium wilt on kiwifruit in Ordu, Turkey(Springer, 2020) Türkkan, Muharrem; Şahin, Nusret; Özer, Göksel; Evgin, Zeynep; Yaman, Mehmet; Erper, İsmailDuring survey studies conducted in July 2016, symptoms of Verticillium wilt were observed with an incidence of up to 2% in three kiwifruit orchards in Ordu province of Turkey. Infected kiwifruits exhibited leaf chlorosis, scorch and defoliation, and discoloration in vascular tissue of the stem. After surface sterilization with 0.5% sodium hypochloride for 1 min, small pieces of stem tissue taken from diseased plantswere rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and dried on sterile filter papers in a sterile cabinet.Öğe Sugar and Biochemical Composition of Some Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cultivar Grown in the Middle Black Sea Region(2022) Balta, Mehmet Fikret; Karakaya, Orhan; Yaman, Mehmet; Kirkaya, Hüseyın; Yaman, IzzetDue to its different ecological conditions, Türkiye is one of the rare countries where the most of fruit species have spread widely throughout the country, both economically and naturally. In this study on apple, which is one of the important fruit species with economic importance, was aimed to determine the color characteristics, biochemical and sugar contents of 4 different commercial apple cultivars grown in the ecological conditions of Çarşamba district of Samsun province. The material of the study consisted of 6-7 years (2016 and 2017) old trees belonging to Granny Smith, Fuji, Galaxy Gala, and Royal Gala cultivars grafted on M9 clone rootstock. Wide variations occurred in all parameters evaluated in the study among the cultivars. The fructose content of the cultivars was from 14.22 (Royal Gala) to 34.40 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji), glucose content was from 1.30 (Galaxy Gala) to 4.34 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji), and sucrose content was varied from 2.01 (Fuji) to 4.52 g 100 ml-1 (Granny Smith). The highest value in total sugar content was determined in Fuji cultivar with 40.75 g 100 ml-1. The highest total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (according to DPPH and FRAP) were 423.7 mg 100 g-1 (Granny Smith), 96.1 mg 100 g-1 (Fuji), 250.8 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith) and 952.9 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith), respectively. In the principal component analysis results, the first component was associated with a*, b*, hue angle, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) and explained 59.4% of the total variation. The second component explained 36.4% of the total variation of the obtained data and was determined to be related to L*, chroma, glucose, sucrose, fructose, and total sugar properties. As a result, Granny Smith cultivar gave remarkable results in terms of biochemical properties and Fuji cultivar in terms of sugar content. It is thought that the results obtained may guide the researches to be made about apples in this region.
