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    Ancient Wheats
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Zencirci, Nusret; Ulukan, Hakan; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Mansoor, Shahid; Rasheed, Awais
    Wheat (Triticum L.), an annual herbaceous plant in Poacae (Gramineae) family, settles in the Triticeae (Hordeae) subfamily. The grasses (Poaceae Barnhart) are the fifth largest (monocotyledonous flowering) plant family and of great importance for human civilization and life. Cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, and millet are the domesticated ones in the family. It is still the most vital economical plant family in modern times, providing food, forage, building materials (bamboo, thatch), and fuel (ethanol). Wheat has many accessions in national and international gene banks. The estimated number of wheats by FAO in 2010 is 856,000, and, followed by rice (774,000), and barley (467,000). However, the recent consumer's (misdirected) focus on gluten content and nutritional value urges scientists to reexamine their knowledge about wheat (i.e., origin, evolution, and general and special quality characteristics), as well as their wild relatives and landraces for newer possible genetic resources. Cultured or non-cultured ancestral wheats: einkorn, emmer, wild emmer, spelt, macha, and vavilovii are still limitedly grown on the higher areas in Turkey, Italy, Germany, Morocco, Israel, and Balkan countries. They are exploited mostly for their desired agronomic, and specific quality. In some cultures, wheat species are believed to be therapeutic, with bioactive compounds that reduce and inhibit stubborn illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer, and cardiovascular diseases. In this book, we summarize the importance of ancestral wheat species, and provide a prospect for their future with special considerations in terms of species conservation and improvement. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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    Conservation Strategies
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Ulukan, Hakan; Zencirci, Nusret; Örgeç, Mehmet
    This chapter analyzes the ancient wheat species with their conservation techniques through various questions about their importance, advantages, etc. In this context, mainly in situ (on site/on farm, in place/in habitats/ecosystems) and ex situ (off site/at genebank, out of place) conservations were examined for their advantages, disadvantages, the effect of conservation on the ancient wheats, and plant genetic resources (PGRs) and crop wild relatives (CWRs). Furthermore, general seed bank operations, conservation, and utilization of the ancient wheats (with CWRs) in them were investigated. The use of wheats was debated by a colored taxon distribution. World map and the future of the wheat landraces were discussed, and on-farm and sustainable dynamic conservation of ancient landraces were analyzed. Farmer’s evaluation and conservation of crop genetic resources were also shared. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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    Salt, cold, and drought stress on einkorn and bread wheat during germination
    (2019) Zencirci, Nusret; Ulukan, Hakan; Ordu, Bülent; Aslan, Didem; Mutlu, Hakan Tahiri; Örgeç, Mehmet
    Climate changes prompt salt, cold, and drought stresses especially during early crop growth stages. The damages during germination in wheat may even destroy whole crop. Here, 12 bread and 10 einkorn wheats entries were distressed under salt, cold and drought. Germination rate and germination power, coleoptile, shoot length, root length, shoot to root length ratio, root fresh and dry weight and root fresh to dry weight ratio were quantified under six salt, cold, drought stresses and one control. After ANOVA and LSD discriminated the entries, stress tolerance indices differentiated six tolerant and six susceptible entries. MANOVA, Pillai’s Trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests finalized the stress testing. Shoot and root length, root fresh and dry weight highly differed under salt, cold and drought. Bayraktar-2000 well tolerated salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Gerek-79 salt, salt-drought, salt-cold-drought; Momtchil salt, cold and salt-cold-drought; İkizce-96 salt, drought and salt-drought. Einkorn Population 14 was susceptible to all stresses except cold and salt-cold; Population 15 to salt, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Population 11 to salt, drought, saltdrought and salt-cold-drought. These stresses sharply decreased shoot and root length, root fresh and root dry weight. The higher % decreases under salt, cold and drought were in shoot (59.72, 63.25 and 23.17) and root length (32.91, 51.77 and 34.69), root fresh (44.32, 49.11 and 38.88) and root dry weight (21.63, 42.14 and 41.97). Moreover, Pillai’s trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests differentiated both characters and entries (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Momtchil, Gerek-79, Bayraktar- 2000, Populations 5, 6, and 1 are well endorsed against triple seedling stresses.