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    How does water stress affect the bioaccumulation of galanthamine and lycorine, growth performance, phenolic content and defense enzyme activities in summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.)?
    (Springer, 2024) Baba, Yavuz; Cimen, Ayca; Yildirim, Arzu Birinci; Turker, Arzu Ucar
    Leucojum aestivum L. is an Amaryllidaceae bulbous plant with two alkaloids that have remarkable medicinal potential: galanthamine and lycorine. Although the presence of galanthamine in L. aestivum has commercial value for the pharmaceutical industry and the effect of water stress (WS) applications on secondary metabolite enhancement is well established in a variety of plants, no studies have been carried out to reveal the effectiveness of WS on this beneficial medicinal plant. Objective of the study was to investigate the effects of eight different WS treatments [Control, waterlogging (WL) condition, and drought stress conditions (water deficiency generated by water deficit irrigation-WDI 25%, 50%, and 75%- and polyethylene glycol-PEG 6000 15%, 30%, and 45%-)] on growth parameters, alkaloid levels (galanthamine and lycorine), non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (total phenol-flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity), and enzymatic antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] of L. aestivum in a pot experiment. Based on the findings, maximum increases in growth parameters were obtained with PEG-induced WS treatments. Moderate water deficiency (50% WDI) produced the highest levels of galanthamine and lycorine, total phenol-flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity, along with moderately elevated CAT activity in the bulbs. All WS treatments resulted in increased CAT activity in the bulbs. It was observed that bulbs had higher SOD and CAT activities under WL conditions had lower fresh weights and were close to control in terms of alkaloid levels, total phenol-flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging activity. When all of the outcomes were taken into account, it can be concluded that moderate water-deficit stress (50% WDI) was regarded as the most effective treatment for increasing the pharmaceutical value of L. aestivum.
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    Melissa officinalis: Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential, Phenolic Profile and Enzyme Activities
    (Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2023) Ulgen, Canan; Yildirim, Arzu Birinci; Turker, Arzu Ucar
    Popularly referred to as lemon balm, Melissa officinalis L., has been used as a cure for gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, mental and central nervous system problems, various cancers, headache, nervousness, and rheumatism. In this study, the phenolic profile, antioxidant potential, antibacterial activity, and enzyme activity of lemon balm grown in nature in Bolu, Turkey were determined. Furthermore, comparisons were made with plants grown in vitro. Individual phenolic analysis with HPLC-DAD showed that the most prevalent phenol was rosmarinic acid in both extracts and naturally-grown plants had higher amount than in vitro-grown ones. Similarly, naturally-grown plants had considerably greater levels of total phenol-flavonoid, scavenging activity for free radicals (DPPH), and phenol synthesis related enzyme (PAL). As for the enzymatic antioxidant activity (SOD and CAT), naturally-grown plants were found to have higher CAT activity and lower SOD activity. As a remarkable result, although plants grown in vitro showed moderate antibacterial activity, no effect was observed in naturallygrown plants. In general, these results showed that the M. officinalis grown in nature is exposed to more biotic and abiotic stress and increases their phenolic content remarkably and consequently antioxidant capacity.
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    NATURAL- AND IN VITRO-GROWN FILIPENDULA ULMARIA(L.) MAXIM: EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIAL (ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND TOXICITY) AND PHENOLIC PROFILES
    (Medical Univ Warsaw, 2024) Yildirim, Arzu Birinci; Cimen, Ayca; Baba, Yavuz; Turker, Arzu Ucar
    Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim) is Rosaceae family perennial herb. Traditional uses of F. ulmaria include inflammatory problems like rheumatism, arthrosis, and arthritis), gastrointestinal disorders, liver malfunction, and gout. The pharmaceutical industry has been very interested in this plant because of its health benefits. The presence of phenolic secondary metabolites is thought to be the primary cause of meadowsweet's biological activity and therapeutic efficacy. This study was intended to compare and evaluate the biological activities (antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor and toxicity) and phenolic profiles (total phenol-flavonoid content and individual phenolic constituents) of F. ulmaria aerial parts obtained from two different sources (naturally- and in vitro-grown). Antibacterial activity was evaluated using 17 different bacteria (10 human and 7 fish pathogens) with disc diffusion method. Methanolic extracts of in vitro-grown parts showed higher antibacterial effect than naturally-grown parts with all tested bacterial pathogens (human and fish). On the other hand, other extracts (aqueous, ethanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate) demonstrated higher antibacterial potential with field-grown parts. The highest sensitivity was observed with Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus and Enterobacter cloacae to aqueous extract of field-grown plants. The potent antibacterial activity of F. ulmaria extracts rendered the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced potato disc tumor assay inapplicable. Toxicity assay (brine shrimp) showed that aqueous extract of both sources had the lowest toxicity. Methanolic extract of both parts had a strong antioxidant potential (DPPH radical scavenging activty) having IC50 values as 205.65 mu g/mL and 206.74 mu g/mL, respectively, and similar level of overall total phenol-flavonoid contents. Individual phenolic analysis with HPLC-DAD showed that the most prevalent phenol was rutin in both sources. While the quantities of chlorogenic acid in both aerial parts were similar, the parts that were grown naturally had higher levels of salicylic acid and rutin. These findings demonstrated the effective antibacterial and antioxidant properties, high phenolic content, and low toxicity of both F. ulmaria sources, indicating that they can be utilized in nutraceutical industry due to their high health promoting potential.
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    Phenolic characterization, antimutagenic, antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of seven endemic Dianthus species from Turkey
    (Elsevier, 2024) Celik, Ayse Kaya; Usta, Necibe Canan; Baba, Yavuz; Cimen, Ayca; Turker, Arzu Ucar
    Dianthus genus, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae, encompasses over 300 species. Various Dianthus spp. have long been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions including chronic pain, urinary infections, carbuncles, menostasis, gonorrhea, cough, liver diseases, and certain types of cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the biological activities (antimutagenicity, antibacterial and antioxidant), total phenol-flavonoid content and individual phenolic constituents of methanolic extracts of two different parts [FC (flower+capitulum) and LS (leaf+stem)] of seven different endemic Dian-thus spp. (D. ancyrensis, D. aticii, D. balansae, D. carmelitarum, D. kastembeluensis, D. lydus and D. leucophaeus) found in Bolu, Turkey. In the antimutagenicity tests, D. carmelitarum, D. ancyrensis. D. kastembeluensis and D. lydus demonstrated higher inhibition effect against the mutagenic activity of sodium azide (NaN3) and 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 strains, respectively. D. carmelitarum-LS displayed the highest antimutagenic effect against the mutagen (base-substitution) on the TA 100 strain, while D. carmelitarum-FC exhibited the highest inhibition against mutagenic activity (frame-shift mutagenesis) by 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on S. typhimurium TA98 strain. Among the tested 17 bacteria, only 4 bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia) demonstrated sensitivity to five different Dianthus spp. D. leucophaeus exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Furthermore, S. pyogenes was quite susceptible to D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus. The most powerful radical scavenging activity was observed with D. balansae-LS. Consistent with this result, D. balansae-LS showed the highest total phenolic content. D. aticii-LS had the highest content of total flavonoid. U-HPLC analysis revealed that rutin, phloridzin, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid were the most dominant compounds in endemic Dianthus spp. These findings highlight the potential of these plants as valuable natural sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.(c) 2023 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.