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Öğe Arslantepe Höyüğü ve Territoryumunda Arkeolojik Peyzajları Yenileme ve Yönetim Stratejisi Olarak Arkeolojik Park Modelinin Geliştirilmesi(2020) Tuna, Aysun; Erdoğan, Elmas; Alkan, Ali; Restelli, Francesca Balossi; Karakuş, Şükrü; Arikan, BülentArkeolojik peyzajlar farklı mekânsal ölçeklerde yasayan insanların farklı eylemleri ile sekillenen olusumlardır. Atmosferik etkilerin sınırlandırması ve potansiyelleri ile sekillenerek çok katmanlı kültür yapılarını olusturan arkeolojik peyzajlar, geçmis yasam formlarının, arazi kullanımlarının gelisimi hakkında bilgi aktarırken bugünün peyzaj karakterlerinin degisimini ve kimligini yansıtan antropojenik sistemlerdir. Uygarlıkların ve kültürlerin izlerini tasıyan bulundukları bölgenin bilgi kaynakları olan arkeolojik peyzajlar, bugün kentsel alan içinde yapılasma tehdidi ile kentsel alan dısında fiziksel eskime ve islevini yitirme problemleri ile karsı karsıya kalmaktadır. Özellikle Türkiye?de yer alan arkeolojik peyzajların fiziksel açıdan belirli bir kentsel yogunluga ulasmıs olması, özgün kentsel çevre niteliklerini sürdürmesi gibi özellikleri yanında, sosyal ve ekonomik açıdan da farklı problemleri içermesi; diger kentsel alanların yenilenmesine göre daha kapsamlı bir süreç ve farklı yenileme stratejilerinin birlikte uygulanması geregini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu nedenler; arkeolojik peyzajları koruma, gelistirme, canlandırma, saglıklastırma gibi farklı eylem ve stratejilerini içeren tarihi çevre yenileme çalısmalarının odak noktasında yer almasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda arkeolojik mirasın korunması ve sergilenmesi kapsamında kültürel peyzajın soyut ve somut bileseni olan, tarih ya da tarih öncesi çaglardan bugüne kadar insan etkinliklerinin sergilendigi kentlerin sürekliliginin saglanması ve canlandırılması stratejisi olarak, arkeolojik parklar gündeme gelmektedir. Tarihi çevre canlandırma stratejisi olan arkeolojik parklar, kültürel ve arkeolojik miras yönetimi ile kentsel rekreasyonel faaliyetleri bir arada sunarken, kent içinde yeni bir yorumlama merkezi olarak degerlendirilmektedir. Arkeolojik peyzajların korunması amaçlı olusturulan bu parklar, arkeolojik alanlar olarak görev üstlenebilecekleri gibi bir park veya bir müze olarak da islev görmektedir. Tüm bu çesitlilik arkeolojik parkların bilesenlerini olusturmaktadır. Arkeolojik parkların olusum süreci planlama, tasarım ve yönetim süreçlerine dayanmaktadır. Bu nedenle arkeolojik parklar farklı ölçeklerde ele alınması gereken bir kavramdır. Bu arastırmada; arkeolojik kazı çalısmalarının yürütüldügü Malatya Kenti?nin Battalgazi Ilçesi?ne baglı Orduzu mahallesi sınırları içinde yer alan 2014 yılında sahip oldugu üstün evrensel degerlerle UNESCO Dünya Mirası Geçici Listesi'nde yer alan neolotik döneme tarihlenen Arslantepe Höyügü proje alanı olarak seçilmistir. Proje kapsamında tarih öncesi döneme ait Arslantepe Höyügü yakın çevresinde bulunan imar faaliyetlerinin olusturdugu olumsuz etkilerden koruyacak bir tarihi çevre planlama yaklasımı olarak bugün, bu kültür varlıklarının yeniden yorumlanmasına, islevlendirilmesine ve alanin okunabilirligini arttırarak yerel ve ulusal ölçekte kalkınmaya olanak tanıyan arkeolojik park modeli gelistirilmistir. Aynı zamanda arkeolojik alan yönetim modeli olarak degerlendirilen arkeolojik park kavramının planlama sürecinde yapılan alan etüt çalısmaları dogrultusunda elde edilen veriler UNESCO?nun Dünya Mirası listesinde yer alan adayların yerine getirmekle yükümlü kıldıgı alan yönetimi planına önemli oranda katkı saglamıstır.Öğe Exploring the perceived landscape with the local people: The experience of community mapping in Orduzu district (Malatya/Turkey)(Konya Technical Univ, Fac Architecture & Design, 2021) Ay, Bilge Hatun; Tuna, AysunPurpose The main purpose of the paper is to define historical landscapes through locals' perspectives and employs community mapping as a tool for defining and transferring perceived landscape elements Design/Methodology/Approach The method used in this research consists of various stages, such as determining the boundaries of the study area, determining the goals and objectives of the community mapping, evaluation of the mapping process in the examined toolkits, and the community mapping process design specific to the study area according to the toolkits reviewed in the literature, and the outputs and observations obtained from the maps. Findings As a result of the community mapping study conducted with men and women separately, items under the themes of agriculture (past and present), hydrology, tangible cultural heritage, intangible cultural heritage, built environment, connectivity, flora and fauna were identified. In this study, beyond the recognized physiographic features of the district, were discovered its "unseen" components due to the statements of locals and the analysis of the perceptual data they provided. Were acquired verbal information and point data about some archaeological sites that are not mentioned in any records or literature, as they remain undiscovered. Research Limitations/Implications This study bridged an establishing a new link with sustainable spatial planning by assessing perceptions of local people to the environment they live in. However, this study has limitations in the verbal and linear expressions of the groups participating in the mapping process.In the pre-mapping process needs to be supported by local government and non-governmental organizations for more participants. Social/Practical Implications it is suggested that the use of this methods such as spatial data production (on historical differences in landscape) within the mainframe of the participant planning approach and community mapping (to ensure collective wellbeing by creating healthy, sustainable spaces) and the inclusion of these methods in spatial planning stages will prove significantly useful. Originality/Value This study provides a framework for integrating different perspectives to better recognise and planning and manage the landscape character. This framework can be used as a foundation for a planning process in touch with "real life" and "users".Öğe Flora of Archaeological Landscape: Case Study of Arslantepe Mound and Its Territory(Springer Nature, 2022) Karakuş, Şükrü; Tuna, AysunFloristic research plays a key role in understanding archaeological landscapes. Floristic studies provide important information for archaeological research, for understanding the diet of societies to determining agricultural activities of the periods. With the data obtained as a result of archaeobotanical studies in recent years, important findings regarding the general flora character of archaeological landscapes have been reached. As of today, the floristic balance of current archaeological landscape is changing as the existing vegetation is destroyed in archaeological sites where excavations are continuing. Based on this, in this paper, current flora of Arslantepe Mound and its territory was examined. The aim of this paper is to determine the plant biodiversity of the study area and to identify the sensitive areas with endemic species. Within the boundaries of the study area, 440 samples were collected between August 2018 and August 2019. As a result of identification of collected samples and evaluation of plants registered in the literature, 704 taxa (681 species, 13 subspecies, 10 variate) belonging to 384 genera and 90 families were determined. 65 of the total species are endemic in the area. The phytogeographic regions of only 233 species out of the collected material have been identified; Irano-Turanian 184, Mediterranean 38, Euro-Siberian 11. The rest 471 species of the total are either pluriregional or phytogeographically unknown. Two species belong to Pteridophyte whereas 702 species belong to Spermatophyta. Within the area, gymnosperms have 16 species and angiosperms have 686 species. Dicotyledons and monocotyledons have 586 and 100 species, respectively, in the Angiosperms. The largest families identified in the study area are as follows: Fabaceae 67, Brassicaceae 65, Asteraceae 58, Poaceae 54, and Lamiaceae 53. The largest genera in the study area are as follows: Alyssum 12, Euphorbia 12, Astragalus 10, Medicago 10, and Trifolium 7. Endemic species located within the study area within the scope of the findings obtained as a result of the floristic research, deployment areas, and endangered species have been identified. Suggestions have been developed to enable the archaeological sites to appear within the urban landscape as alternative green spaces. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe İngiltere’de Yeşil Altyapı Kavramının Uygulama Örnekleri Üzerinden İrdelenmesi(2021) Tuna, AysunYeşil altyapı uygulamalarının mekânsal planlama kararları ile bütünleştirildiği ve gerçekleştirilen başarılı uygulama örnekleri ile somutlaştırıldığı İngiltere’de yayımlanan Natural England Ecotowns Bildirgesi kapsamında yeşil altyapı kavramı; yüksek kaliteli doğal ve yapılı yeşil alan sistemlerinin, mevcut habitat ve peyzaj tipleri ile etkileşimlerine ve ayırt edilebilirliğine saygı duyan ve mevcut veya yapılandırılmış ekosistem servislerinin toplumun ihtiyaç duyduğu ekolojik hizmetler ile sürdürülebilir yaşam kalitesini sağlamaya destek veren planlama ve tasarım yaklaşımı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İngiltere’de 1970’li yıllarda ilk temelleri atılan ve bugün yapılaşma politikalarında kritik öneme sahip yeşil altyapı kavramı “Natural England” mottosu ile kent ve kırsal arasındaki bütüncül yaklaşımın ifadesi olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Makale kapsamında; İngiltere’de yeşil altyapı kavramının kuramsal boyutu, planlama ve uygulama sürecindeki gelişim, benimsenen ilkeler, belirlenen hedefler ve elde edilen sonuçlarla kent ekosistemi için katkılarının ekolojik göstergeler ile tariflenebildiği ve yazarın da yerinde gözlemleme olanağına sahip olduğu İngiltere’de yer alan başarılı uygulama örnekleri üzerinden irdelenmiştir. İncelenen örnekler kapsamında yeşil altyapı stratejilerinin aktif kent yaşamı içinde bütünleşmesinde uygulanan peyzaj temelli yaklaşımlar ortaya konulmuş ve Türkiye için öneriler geliştirilmiştir.Öğe Integration of medicinal and aromatic plants in an urban landscape as a living heritage: An example in Malatya City (Turkey)(Springer, 2020) Tuna, Aysun; Ay, Bilge Hatun; Karakuş, ŞükrüThis paper aims to determine the potential for using medicinal aromatic plants, which have been considered living heritage since prehistoric times, in urban landscapes. The area of study covers Malatya City and its counties, which are found in Eastern Anatolia, a region of importance in terms of the endemic species in Turkey. Malatya is specifically selected as the study area, as the city's geomorphological, hydrological and climatic characteristics favour a high floral diversity. The methods used in this paper consist of five stages: floristic field works conducted in Battalgazi county (Malatya) in the scope of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) Project No. 217O290, the identification of the plants by a taxonomist, the determination of the medicinal and aromatic species in other counties of Malatya based on literature review, the establishment of criteria for the application potential of the identified species in landscape designs and the assessment of the use of the identified species in landscape architecture according to the parameters set in the criteria. Aromatic medicinal species were analysed to generate planting designs in landscape projects; the aesthetic properties (flower, leaf and fruit characteristics), sensory properties (scent and texture), seasonal change characteristics (flowering period and colour change) and use areas (flower parterres, solitary plantings, live fences and site coverings) of the plants were analysed. As a result of ethnobotanical and floristic studies carried out within the boundaries of the study area, a total of 189 medical aromatic species were identified. A total of 157 of these species were herbaceous plants. In conclusion, it was determined that 80 aromatic medicinal species conform to the planting design criteria and could be used in landscape designs in Malatya City.Öğe Interaction of Prehistoric Heritage with Today’s Landscape: The Case Study of Arslantepe Mound (Malatya/TURKEY)(Springer Nature, 2022) Tuna, AysunLike most mounds comprising the crucial cultural landscape information sources such as political, economic, religious, etc. dynamics, of their age, one of the most critical factors for Arslantepe Mound to survive to date and to host a number of civilizations are its location. It is thought that being located outside the flood plain borders of the Euphrates River, while also being located within an area surrounded with alluvial soil fed from the rivers, and accordingly bearing the characteristics to be a residential area from Late Chalcolithic Age to 5.000 Byzantine Period B.C. as a settlement area with the ability to govern the products and production process, including the ability to process the raw material in the region are recognized to be the most significant factors for Arslantepe to be named as the oldest city state known to world. On the other hand, it is also known that the location of mound above the environmental connections is of vital importance for the mound to have a powerful defense system. In the light of above-stated information, it is conferred that this area as listed within the Prehistoric World Heritage Candidates has managed to survive today thanks to its landscape characteristics. In this paper, it is aimed to investigate the interaction between the Arslantepe Mound from prehistoric age with today’s modern landscape. Viewshed analysis method has been utilized for determining the interaction area of the mound. The natural and cultural landscape source values of the Arslantepe Mound interaction area were established within the boundary of the mound interaction boundary. As a result of the field studies carried out within the scope of the project numbered 217O290 supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and the findings obtained from the excavations carried out to date, the landscape change has been revealed in today’s context. Within the scope of field studies, natural landscape features such as topography, climate, hydrology, soil structure, geology, and flora and cultural landscape features such as settlement pattern, land uses, economic structure, and property status were examined in the interaction area of the mound. Within the scope of the obtained findings, our objective has been set to bring about the landscape changes of Arslantepe Mound within the historical development process. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Öğe The system design of the peat-based microbial fuel cell as a new renewable energy source: The potential and limitations(Elseiver, 2022) Erensoy, Ahmet; Mülayim, Sefa; Orhan, Ayhan; Çek, Nurettin; Tuna, Aysun; Ak, NamıkThe microbial fuel cell (MFC) is considered as a renewable, non-toxic, reliable, clean, efficient, and also an alternative source for bioenergy. It provides numerous opportunities to improve sustainable applications in various sites, ranging from industrial to home. The low power output of microbial fuel cells is one of the important factors that hinder their commercialization. Power outputs must be improved to contribute to the commercialization of MFCs. In this study, organic peat material was used as a substrate for a double chamber MFC. In addition, since Clostridium bacteria were detected in the organic peat material, an additional bacterial strain was not used. In this MFC application, where graphite is used as both anode and cathode electrodes, 1 mol/L NaOH solution was employed as the cathode chamber solution. This peat-based MFC provided the highest electrical power density of 438.116 mW/m(2). The most important limiting factor of the peat-based MFC was the spreading of the NaOH solution throughout the cell due to the rupture of the proton exchange membrane after 9 h of operation. (C) 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
