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Adventitious shoot regeneration from stem internode explants of Verbena Officinalis L., a medicinal plant
(2010) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Yücesan, Buhara; Gürel, Ekrem
Verbena officinalis L. (vervain) is a medicinal plant that shows several biological activities, including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, hypnotic/sedative, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, anticancer, cicatrizant, and antioxidant. This report describes an efficient plant regeneration system for V. officinalis via adventitious shoot development from stem internode and petiole explants. Stem internode explants were more effective than petiole explants in terms of both the number of shoots per explant and the percentages of explants forming shoots. Increasing benzyladenine (BA) concentrations steadily increased shoot formation up to 13.32 μM, but 22.22 μM BA caused a sharp decrease. The highest number of shoots (17.1 shoots per explant at 100% frequency) was obtained when 13.32 μM BA was combined with 5.71 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Rooting of the regenerated shoots was readily achieved when multiple shoots were singled out and cultured on medium containing varying concentrations of different auxins [IAA, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)]. IBA was more effective in terms of the number of roots developed, producing a mean of 7.1 roots per shoot at 4.92 μM, whereas IAA was more effective for the frequency of shoots developing roots: 100% of the shoots rooted at 5.71 μM IAA. More than 90% of the regenerants survived through the hardening off process, when they were transferred to foam cups and kept under growth room conditions for 2 weeks before finally being moved to room conditions at low humidity. Approximately 3 months after the transfer to room conditions, the flowering of the regenerated plants could be observed.
Antibacterial and antitumor activities of some wild fruits grown in Turkey
(Diagnosis Press Ltd, 2012) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan
Two different bioassays (antibacterial and antitumor) were performed to show the biological activities of eight different wild fruits [Viburnum opulus L. (guelder rose), Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaring tree), Corn us mas L. (cornelian cherry), Pyracantha coccinea Roemer (firethorn), Rubus caesius L. (dewberry), Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers (tansy-leaved thorn), Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (hawthorn) and Rosa canina L. (dog rose)] grown in Turkey. For each fruit, 8 different extracts (aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from hot and cold treatments of fresh and dried fruits) were obtained and a total cl 64 extracts were evaluated. The disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer Method) was used to screen for antibacterial activity. Among the tested fruits, best antibacterial activity was obtained with fresh fruits of wayfaring tree, firethorn and hawthorn. Hot ethanol extracts of these fruits showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. Antitumor activity was evaluated with potato disc tumor induction assay Best antitumor activity was obtained with cold water extract of fresh fruits of R. caesius (100% inhibition). Cold or hot ethanol extracts of fresh V. lantana fruits (90.5% and 95.2%, respectively), cold water extract of fresh C. monogyna fruits (85.7%) and hot ethanol extracts of fresh C. tanacetifolia fruits (71.4%) also exhibited strong tumor inhibition.
Antibacterial and antitumour activities of some plants grown in Turkey
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2014) Usta, Canan; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Screening of antibacterial and antitumour activities of 33 different extracts prepared with three types of solvents (water, ethanol and methanol) was conducted. The extracts were obtained from 11 different plant species grown in Turkey: Eryngium campestre L., Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm., Dorycnium pentaphyllum Scop., Coronilla varia L., Onobrychis oxyodonta Boiss., Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb., Asarum europaeum L., Rhinanthus angustifolius C. C. Gmelin, Doronicum orientale Hoffm., Campanula glomerata L. and Campanula olympica Boiss. Antibacterial activity against six bacteria was evaluated: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis by using disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. S. aureus and S. epidermidis were most sensitive to the methanolic extract from A. europaeum. S. pyogenes was vulnerable to all used extracts of D. orientale. In addition, ethanolic or methanolic extracts of E. campestre, A. mollis, D. pentaphyllum, C. varia, R. angustifolius, C. glomerata and C. olympica displayed strong antibacterial activity against at least one of the tested gram-negative bacteria. The methanolic extract from R. angustifolius showed a broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antitumour activity was evaluated with Agrobacterium-tumefaciens-induced potato disc tumour assay. Best antitumour activity was obtained with the aqueous extract from A. europaeum and methanolic extract from E. campestre (100% and 86% tumour inhibition, respectively).
Antiproliferative activity of some medicinal plants on human breast and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and their phenolic contents
(Pharmacotherapy Group, 2015) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Bayram, Recep; Yavuz, Muhsine Z.; Gepdiremen, Akçahan; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Purpose: To determine the phenolic composition and antiproliferative activity of 16 different extracts (hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water) obtained from Bellis perennis, Convolvulus galaticus, Trifolium pannonicum and Lysimachia vulgaris on human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) cell lines. Methods: The aerial parts of the plants were successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and water using a Soxhlet apparatus. The phenolic content of the plants were determined by plants by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while their antiproliferative activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole (MTT) assay. Results: Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract of B. perennis showed the best antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 cell line with IC50 (inhibiting 50 % of cell growth) value of 71.6 mu g/mL. Furthermore, the dichloromethane extract of C. galaticus showed the best anti-proliferative activity against HepG2/C3A cell line with IC50 of 57.3 mu g/mL. The HPLC data for the plant extracts showed the presence of the following phenolic compounds: gallic acid monohydrate, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, luteolin-7-O-beta-D glucoside, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and apigenin. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that there is some justification for the use of B. perennis and C. galaticus as traditional anticancer medicinal herbs.
Antitumor and antibacterial activities of some fruits
(Georg Thieme Verlag Kg, 2009) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan
Two different bioassays (antibacterial and antitumor) were performed to show the biological activities of eight different wild fruits [Viburnum opulus L. (guelder rose), Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaring tree), Cornus mas L. (cornelian cherry), Pyracantha coccinea Roemer (firethorn), Rubus caesius L. (dewberry), Crataegus tanacetifolia (Lam.) Pers (tansy-leaved thorn), Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (hawthorn) and Rosa canina L. (dog rose)] grown in Turkey. For each fruit, 8 different extracts (aqueous and ethanol extracts prepared from hot and cold treatments offresh and dried fruits) were obtained and a total of 64 extracts were evaluated. The disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer Method) was used to screen for antibacterial activity. Among the tested fruits, best antibacterial activity was obtained with fresh fruits of wayfaring tree, firethorn and hawthorn. Hot ethanol extracts of these fruits showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. Antitumor activity was evaluated with potato disc tumor induction assay. Best antitumor activity was obtained with cold water extract offresh fruits of R. caesius (100% inhibition). Cold or hot ethanol extracts of fresh V. lantana fruits (90.5% and 95.2%, respectively), cold water extract of fresh C. monogyna fruits (85.7%) and hot ethanol extracts of fresh C. tanacetifolia fruits (71.4%) also exhibited strong tumor inhibition.
Biological activities of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim)
(Georg Thieme Verlag Kg, 2009) Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim (meadowsweet) is a medicinal plant that has been used to treat several inflammatory diseases including gout and rheumatoid arthritis, and for the treatment of coughs, bronchitis, fevers, ulcers and colds. Three different bioassays (antibacterial, antitumor and toxicity) were performed to show the biological activities of meadowsweet. They were evaluated between field-grown plants and in vitro-grown plants using eight different extracts (aqueous, ethanol, ethylacetate and hexane). The disc diffusion assay (Kirby-Bauer Method) was used to screen for antibacterial activity [1]. The microorganisms used were: Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC® 19615), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 25923) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC® 12228) which are Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (ATCC® 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC® 27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC® 14028), Serratia marcescens (ATCC® 8100), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC® 13315), Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC® 23355) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC® 13883) which are Gram-negative bacteria. Generally, antibacterial activities of field-grown plants were better than in-vitro grown plants against all used bacteria. Aqueous extract of field-grown plant (FW) exhibited better antibacterial activity than other extracts. S.epidermidis, S. aureus, S. typhimurium, S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia and E. cloacae were sensitive to FW. Antitumor activity of all extracts was assessed with the potato disc method as modified by McLaughlin's group [2].The inhibition of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced tumors (or crown gall) in potato disc tissue is an assay based on antimitotic activity and can detect a broad range of known and novel antitumor effects [3,4]. The validity of this bioassay is predicted on the observation that certain tumorigenic mechanisms are similar in plants and animals. It has been shown that the inhibition of crown gall tumor initiation on potato discs and subsequent growth showed good correlation with compounds and extracts active in the 3PS (P388) (in vivo murine leukemia) leukemic mouse assay [4,5]. Field-grown plants showed better activity than in vitro-grown plants. But, after viability test for A. tumefaciens, it was understood that inhibition of crown gall formation on potato disc is caused by decreasing the viability of the A. tumefaciens. It is not possible to evaluate the antitumor activity of F. ulmaria with potato disc bioassay. Because meadowsweet extracts have very strong antibacterial activity and affect the viability of A. tumefaciens. The brine shrimp bioassay was used to assess the general toxicity of meadowsweet extracts [6]. All extracts were toxic at higher doses (LC50>2.000mg/l) by comparing with MS-222 (Tricaine methane sulfonate). Aqueous extracts of field-grown and in vitro-grown plants were less toxic than other extracts (ethanol, ethylacetate and hexane).
Biological activities of some endemic plants in Turkey
(University of Bucharest, 2012) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Köylüoğlu, Hilal
Two different bioassays (antibacterial and antitumor) were performed to evaluate the biological activities of 8 different Turkish endemic plants (Crocus abantensis T. Baytop & Mathew, Crocus ancyrensis (Herbert) Maw, Galanthus plicatus Bieb. subsp. byzantinus (Baker) D. A. Webb., Paronychia chionaea Boiss, Astragalus gymnolobus Fischer, Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. subsp. elongatum (Willd.) Zoh., Eryngium bithynicum Boiss and Convolvulus galaticus Rostan ex Choisy). For each plant, 3 different extracts (aqueous, methanol and ethanol) were prepared and totally 24 extracts were tested. The disc diffusion assay was used to screen for antibacterial activity. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae which are Gram-negative bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes which are Gram-positive bacteria were used. Best antibacterial activity was observed with T. pannonicum extracts. Ethanolic extract of T. pannonicum was better than aqueous and methanolic extracts against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, P. vulgaris and K. pneumonia. Antitumor activity was evaluated with potato disc diffusion bioassay. Best antitumor activity was observed with all extracts of G. plicatus. Generally, alcoholic extracts showed better antitumor activity than aqueous extracts. Alcoholic extracts of C. abantensis, C. ancyrensis, P. chionae and C. galaticus also exhibited strong antitumor activity.
Biological activity of common mullein, a medicinal plant
(Elsevier Sci Ireland Ltd, 2002) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Camper, N. D.
Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus L., Scrophulariaceae) is a medicinal plant that has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, asthma, spasmodic coughs, diarrhea and other pulmonary problems. The objective of this study was to assess the biological activity of Common Mullein extracts and commercial Mullein products using selected bench top bioassays, including antibacterial, antitumor, and two toxicity assays-brine shrimp and radish seed. Extracts were prepared in water, ethanol and methanol. Antibacterial activity (especially the water extract) was observed with Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-induced tumors in potato disc tissue were inhibited by all extracts. Toxicity to Brine Shrimp and to radish seed germination and growth was observed at higher concentrations of the extracts.
Biological evaluation and phytochemical profiling of some lichen species
(Akademiai Kiado Zrt, 2019) Taş, İsa; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Özkan, Erva; Özyiğitoğlu, Gülşah Çobanoğlu; Yavuz, Muhsine Zeynep; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner. Chemical characterization and bioactive potentials (antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antibacterial) of five lichen species (Evernia prunastri, Platismatia glauca, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Ramalina fastigiata, and Ramalina farinacea) were assessed. Five lichen metabolites (usnic acid, atranorin, stictic acid, evernic acid, and fumarprotocetraric acid) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. E. prunastri was noteworthy evernic acid source. Antiproliferative activity was evaluated using human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2/C3A) cell lines. The strongest activity was observed for P. glauca against HepG2/C3A, while the only lichen species that induced cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cell line was P. futfuracea. The highest antioxidant activity was also obtained with P. furfuracea. E. prunastri and R. farinaceae had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Antibacterial activities of the extracts were determined against ten pathogenic bacteria. The most effective antibacterial agent was methanol extract of R. fastigiata. Our findings have revealed the pharmaceutical potentials of tested lichen species.
Biological screening of some Turkish medicinal plant extracts for antimicrobial and toxicity activities
(Taylor & Francis Ltd., 2008) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Usta, C.
Screening of antibacterial activity and toxicity of 22 aqueous plant extracts from 17 Turkish plants was conducted. Antibacterial activity was performed with six bacteria including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Extracts of Tussilago farfara leaves, Helichyrsum plicatum flowers, Solanum dulcamara aerial parts and Urtica dioica leaves gave the best inhibitory activity against S. pyogenes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Of the 22 plant extracts, 20 extracts displayed toxicity (LC(50) was <1000 mg L(-1)) in the brine shrimp bioassay. For radish seed bioassay, two different determinations (root length and seed germination) were performed with a comparison between two concentrations (50,000 mg L(-1) and 10,000 mg L(-1)). At low concentration (10,000 mg L(-1)), S. dulcamara aerial parts and Primula vulgaris leaf extracts were observed to inhibit the root length more than the other plant extracts. Also, the most inhibitive plant extract for seed germination was obtained with S. dulcamara aerial parts.
Cardioprotective effects of Viscum album L. subsp album (European misletoe) leaf extracts in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion
(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2017) Suveren, Eylem; Baxter, Gary F.; İskit, Alper Bektaş; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Viscum album L. (European mistletoe) is a hemiparasitic plant belonging to Loranthaceae family and has been used in Turkish traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders and heart diseases such as hypertension, tachycardia and angina pectoris. Aim of the study: The present study investigated the cardioprotective effects of V. album leaf extracts in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Material and methods: Lyophilized aqueous (AVa) and methanolic (MVa) extracts of V. album were prepared from dried leaf. The isolated hearts were perfused with V. album extracts prior to and during 35 min of ischemia induced by coronary artery occlusion. After 120 min of coronary reperfusion, infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining. Results: Both AVa and MVa extracts reduced the extent of infarction compared with untreated control hearts, but protective effect of MVa had more potential in low concentration; infarct size as proportion of ischemic risk zone: AVa 17.5 +/- 1.5%; Mva 20.3 +/- 2.5%, both P < 0.01 versus control 38.1 +/- 1.4%. This protective effect was comparable to infarct limitation induced by ischemic preconditioning (21.5 +/- 2.4%). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-N-G-nitroarginine methyl ester completely abrogated the protection afforded by both extracts. ATP-sensitive K+ channel blockade by glibenclamide abrogated the protection afforded by MVa while attenuating, but not abolishing, the protective action of Ava. Conclusions: This study provided the first experimental evidence that V. album leaf extracts can mediate nitric oxide-dependent cardioprotection against myocardial injury produced by ischemia/reperfusion insult. With this study, popular usage of V. album extracts in Turkish folk medicine as a remedy for cardiac diseases was justified.
Chemical compositions and antibacterial activities of the essential oils from aerial parts and corollas of origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietswaart, an endemic species to Turkey
(Mdpi, 2009) Coşge, Belgin; Türker, Arzu Uçar; İpek, Arif; Gürbüz, Bilal; Arslan, Neşet
Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts and corollas of Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietswaart, an endemic Turkish flora species, were analyzed by GC-MS. The amounts of essential oil obtained from the aerial parts and the corollas were 0.73% and 0.93%, respectively. Twenty-five components in both the aerial parts oil and the corolla oil, representing 95.11% and 93.88%, respectively, were identified. The aerial parts and corolla oils were characterized by the predominance of two components: p-cymene (9.43% and 17.51%) and carvacrol (67.51% and 52.33%), respectively. The essential oils were also evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against ten bacteria by the disc diffusion assay. Our findings showed the following order in the sensitivity to the essential oils, as indicated by the corresponding inhibition zones: Proteus vulgaris > Salmonella typhimurium > Enterobacter cloacae > Klebsiella pneumonia > Escherichia coli > Serratia marcescens > Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the aerial parts essential oil, and Salmonella typhimurium > Proteus vulgaris > Enterobacter cloacae > Escherichia coli > Klebsiella pneumoniae > Serratia marcescens > Pseudomonas aeruginosa for the corolla essential oil. The studied essential oils thus exhibited a broad-spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the tested Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to the essential oil samples.
Clonal propagation, antioxidant activity and phenolic profiles of Convolvulus galaticus Rostan ex Choisy
(Ars Docendi, 2018) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci
Convolvulus galaticus Rostan ex Choisy (grizzle bindweed) is a medicinal plant in the family Convolvulaceae. The first objective of this study was to determine a highly efficient and rapid regeneration system for C. galaticus. Secondly, field-grown and in vitro-grown plants were compared in terms of antioxidant activities and phenolic constituents. C. galaticus leaves and stems were surface sterilized and three different explants (leaf stem and node) were cultured. Regeneration was observed only with node explants. Best shoot proliferation was observed with 0.5 mg/l TDZ and 1.0 mg/l IAA, producing 15 shoots per explant at 84 % frequency. In vitro regenerated plants were also used as donor plants for explant source and best shoot formation was observed with 1.0 mg/l TDZ and 0.5 mg/l IBA with node explant, producing 23.7 shoots per explant at 60 % frequency. Regenerated shoots were transferred to rooting media and 1.0 mg/l IBA was the most effective for rooting. In the second part of this study, methanolic extract of field-grown and in vitro-grown C. galaticus were compared in terms of antioxidant activity and phenolic constituents. Field-grown plant showed higher antioxidant activities and phenolic content than in vitro-grown plant.
Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.): recent advances in research
(Wiley, 2005) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Gürel, Ekrem
Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) is a medicinal plant readily found in roadsides, meadows and pasture lands and has been used to treat pulmonary problems, inflammatory diseases, asthma, spasmodic coughs, diarrhoea and migraine headaches. Although it has been used medicinally since ancient times, the popularity of common mullein has been increasing commercially for the past few years. Today, the dried leaves and flowers, swallow capsules, alcohol extracts and the flower oil of this plant can easily be found in health stores in the United States. The use of common mullein extracts in folk medicine begun recently to be supported by an increasing number of research studies. This paper thoroughly reviewes all the scientific research related to Verbascum thapsus L. including plant tissue cultures and the biological properties of this plant.
Cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different extracts of Galega officinalis L (goat's rue)
(Pharmacotherapy Group, 2016) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Türker, Arzu Uçar; Karakaş, Alper; Mshvildadze, Vakhtang
Purpose: To evaluate the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of four different solvent extracts obtained from the aerial parts of Galega officinalis L. Methods: The hexane, DCM, methanol and water extracts of G. officinalis were successively obtained by soxhlet extraction method. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was assessed against human lung carcinoma (A-549), human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29), human brain glioblastoma (U-87), and colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) by Resazurine test. The antioxidant activity of extracts were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau, oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), and 2'.7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA) cell-based assay while their anti-inflammatory activity was determined by nitric oxide (NO) assay. Results: DCM extract showed strong cytotoxic activity against lung adenocarcinoma and brain glioblastoma cell lines, with IC50 (concentration inhibiting 50 % of cell growth) values of 11 +/- 0.4 and 16 +/- 3 mu g/mL, respectively. The hexane extract showed moderate anticancer activity against the same cell lines (59 +/- 13 and 63 +/- 16 mu g/mL, respectively). DCM extract also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting NO release by 86.7 % at 40 mu g/mL in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Of all test extracts, the methanol extract of G. officinalis showed the highest antioxidant activity with 2.33 +/- 0.09 mu mol Trolox/mg, 7.10 +/- 0.9 g tannic acid equivalent (TAE), and IC50 of 44 +/- 4 mu g/mL. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that DCM extract may possess anticancer effect against lung adenocarcinoma and brain glioblastoma, as well as serve as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Determination of some phenolic substances in six different populations of Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) leaves and comparison of phenolic fluctuation with water deficiency
(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2022) Arslan, Mustafa; Türker, Arzu Uçar; Taş, İsa; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Özkan, Erva
Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) is one of the naturally grown hazelnut species in Turkey. It can be easily separated from other hazel species with its thick single stem and tall appearance. It can be used in afforestation and erosion control studies due to low demand for habitat and strong root system. It contains substances with high medicinal value in its fruits and leaves. Hazel leaves have strong antioxidant activity due to their high phenolic content. Objective of the study was primarily to determine the individual phenolic constituents of six different population of Turkish Hazelnut and then to evaluate the effect of water deficiency stress generated by irrigation regime on phenolic constituents and photosystem II activity on these genotypes. Grafted plants were produced by taking scions from six different populations of Turkish Hazelnut (Oguzlar, Erenler, Merkesler, Seben, Guney Felakettin and Pelitcik). The study was started when the grafted seedlings were 7 years old in greenhouse. During the experiment (June and July), two different levels of irrigation were applied (W1: the soil was fully irrigated to reach field capacity in each irrigation; W2: 50% reduction of W1 irrigation water). After the application of two different irrigation regimes, leaves were collected for each month, dried, extracted with methanol and then quantitatively analyzed and compared for individual phenolic constituents (gallic acid monohydrate, caffeic acid, rutin hydrate, luteolin-7-O-beta-D glucoside, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, coumarin and apigenin) by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a diode array detector (DAD). Generally, rutin, kaempferol and luteolin were dominant individual phenols in methanol extracts of Turkish hazelnut leaves. Pelitcik population was noticeable source of rutin and kaempferol in June, and the halved irrigation regime significantly increased the levels of both phenols in July. Similarly, the highest total phenolic content was observed in the Pelitcik population in June and the halved irrigation regime significantly increased the total phenolic content in both months in this population. It was also determined to what extent water deficiency physiologically affects the quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II activity through chlorophyll fluorescence technique in hazelnut leaves. Generally, Fv/Fm value decreased with water deficiency. This study showed that water deficiency stress generally caused an increase in phenolic constituents in Turkish Hazel leaves and they may be proper natural sources of phenolic constituents with abiotic stress applications in pharmaceutical and food industry.
The development of clonal propagation and determination of phenolic profiles of in vitro-raised and field-raised leaves of Astragalus brachypterus Fischer (milkvetch) by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis
(Springer, 2021) Karakaş, Fatma Pehlivan; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Astragalus brachypterus Fischer (milkvetch) is a perennial medicinal plant in the family Fabaceae. Astragalus species have been utilized as antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anti-diabetic, and diuretic for centuries in folk medicine. Objectives of this study were to determine an in vitro regeneration system for A. brachypterus and then to compare phenolic constituents of in vitro-raised and naturally raised leaves. Various plant explants (leaf, petiole, stem, and node) were taken from sterile seedlings that were obtained from germinated seeds. The explants were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different cytokinins (benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), and thidiazuron (TDZ)), auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D)), and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at various concentrations. Regeneration was obtained only with explants containing preexisting meristem (node). The highest mean number (29.16 +/- 4.91) and frequency of shoot proliferation (100%) were obtained with nodal explants on MS medium containing 3.0 mg L-1 BA, 1.0 mg L-1 IAA, and 0.5 mg L-1 GA(3) (P <= 0.05). Regenerated shoots were transferred to rooting medium and root formation was only observed with 1.0 mg L-1 IAA after 6 wk. At the second stage of the study, methanolic extracts of in vitro-raised and field-raised leaves of A. brachypterus were analyzed by using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization multistage tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Although naturally raised leaves contained higher amount of caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, isorhamnetin, myricetin, quercetin, rutin hydrate, and vanillic acid, in vitro-raised leaves had higher amount of luteolin and apigenin. It was observed that A. brachypterus leaves were remarkable source of rutin hydrate. This study provides highly efficient method for the conservation of germplasm and mass multiplication of A. brachypterus, and helps to reveal the quality of in vitro-grown plants in terms of phenolic content production for biotechnological and commercial purposes.
Do vermicompost applications ımprove growth performance, pharmaceutically ımportant alkaloids, phenolic content, free radical scavenging potency and defense enzyme activities in summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.)?
(Wiley-VCH Verlag GMBH, 2023) Çimen, Ayça; Baba, Yavuz; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Leucojum aestivum L. contains galanthamine and lycorine, which are two pharmaceutically valuable alkaloids. Vermicompost (VC), an organic waste product created by earthworms enhances soil quality and can improve the medicinal quality of the plant that is crucial to the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four different VC concentrations (5 %, 10 %, 25 %, and 50 %) on L. aestivum growth parameters, alkaloid levels (galanthamine and lycorine), total phenol-flavonoid content, free radical scavenging potential, and defense enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) compared to control (no VC). The width, length, and fresh weight of the leaves were improved by 10 % VC treatment. The highest total phenolic content was found in the bulbs and leaves treated with 50 % VC. HPLC-DAD analysis of alkaloids showed that 10 % and 50 % VC treatments contained the most galanthamine in the bulb and leaf extracts, respectively. The application of 25 % VC was the most efficient in terms of lycorine content in both extracts. CAT activity was elevated at 10 %, 25 %, and 50 % VC. Based on the growth performance and galanthamine content of the bulbs and leaves, it can be concluded that a 10 % VC application was the most effective in the cultivation of L. aestivum.
Effect of magnetic field treatments on seed germination of melissa officinalis L.
(2017) Ülgen, Canan; Yıldırım, Arzu Birinci; Türker, Arzu Uçar
Melissa officinalis L., commonly known as lemon balm, is a perennial herb belonging to Lamiaceae family. It has therapeutic properties, such as sedative, carminative, antispasmodic, anti-viral, wound healing, digestive, diuretic, diaphoretic, anti-septic and anti-thyroid. Lemon balm has been used for the treatment of headache, indigestion, colic, nervousness, cardiac problems, depression, rheumatism, indigestion, hypersensitivities, anxiety and depression traditionally. Beneficial effects of lemon balm are ascribed to the phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, tannins and flavonoids. Studies showed that magnetic field applications in agriculture can be used to improve the quality and quantity of the product. Positive effects of the stationary magnetic field on the plant seed germination have been recorded with some plant species. In this study, effects of magnetic field on M. officinalis seeds were investigated. Seeds were sterilized in 0.1 % HgCl2 for 10 min and 70 % Ethanol for 1-2 min. After surface sterilization of the seeds, they were placed in petri dishes containing Murashige and Skoog's medium with sucrose and agar. Neodymium block magnets (100 X 50 X 5 mm) were used to create magnetic fields (50 mT and 100 mT). Ten seeds were placed in each petri plates and 10 petri plates were used for each treatment. Petri dishes containing surface sterilized seeds were placed in 3 different conditions [without magnetic field application (control) and magnetic field applications (low-50 mT and high-100 mT)] and the germination (radicle protrusion) was assessed. Seeds were exposed to magnetic fields for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 144 and 240 hours. The number of germinated seeds was recorded for 20 days. Best seed germination was obtained with 100 mT magnetic field application for 1 hour (52 %). Seed germination rate was rather low (28 %) without magnetic field application (control). In consistent with 100 mT magnetic field application, 1 hour exposure to 50 mT magnetic field gave better germination rate (36 %) than control. The lowest seed germination was observed with 240 hours exposure to both magnetic fields (27 % for 100 mT and 16 % for 50 mT). Magnetic field applications also decreased the seed germination time. Although seed germination was observed in 11. day with control, it was obtained in 7. day with both magnetic field applications. Magnetic field application enhanced the percentage of germinated seed and shortened the period of seed germination in M. officinalis.
Effect of phytohormones on micropropagation of self-heal (Prunella vulgaris L.)
(2009) Türker, Arzu Uçar; Yücesan, Bahtiyar Buhara; Gürel, Ekrem
Self-heal (Prunella vulgaris L.), a medicinal plant with strong antiviral activities, was regenerated from seedling shoot-tips cultured on medium containing selected concentrations and combinations of various plant growth regulators. The highest frequency of multiple shoot regeneration was obtained with 3.0 mg L-1 BA with 0.1 mg L-1 IAA. Regeneration tests with leaf lamina, petiole, stem internodes, and root explants cultured on medium containing combinations of plant growth regulators at various concentrations were unsuccessful. Regenerated shoots obtained from shoot-tips readily rooted on media containing IAA, IBA, NAA, or 2,4-D, with medium containing 3.0 mg L-1 IAA or 3 mg L-1 IBA being the most effective. Rooted explants transferred to vermiculate in Magenta boxes and acclimated for 2 weeks could be planted into foam cups containing potting soil and maintained in an environmentally controlled plant growth room. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

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