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    The eggs of the Bradyporus (Callimenus) dilatatus (Stal, 1875) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): Morphological, histological and ultrastructural study
    (American Entomological Society, 2022) Mutlu, Damla Amutkan; Polat, Irmak; Ünal, Mustafa; Suludere, Zekiye
    The aim of this study is to reveal the fine structure and morphology of the eggs of Bradyporus (Callimenus) dilatatus (Stal, 1875) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) by using stereomicroscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). B. dilatatus females produce generally bilateral symmetrical, elongated ovoid eggs. The chorion is composed of three layers named as endochorion. exochorion and extrachorion. Cross sections of all three layers show the chorion has air chambers that connected to each other with canals. The extrachorion layer forms hexagonal or pentagonal surface patterns which is typical to B. dilatatus. The lengths of the boundaries of polygonal patterns become longer with aging.
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    Histology and ultrastructure of the testis and vas deferens in Pseudochorthippus parallelus parallelus (Orthoptera, Acrididae)
    (Wiley, 2019) Polat, Irmak; Mutlu, Damla Amutkan; Ünal, Mustafa; Suludere, Zekiye
    Pseudochorthippus parallelus parallelus (Zetterstedt, 1821) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) is a widespread species in Europe, and also it is localized in some regions in Turkey such as Bursa, Eskisehir, Ankara, Bolu, Duzce, and cankiri. The features of the reproductive organs such as the numbers and shapes of testes and follicles can be used as taxonomical characters. For this purpose, the ultrastructural and histological features of testis and vas deferens in P. parallelus parallelus were examined with using light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The mature P. parallelus parallelus has two conjugated testes produce spermatozoa. Each testis is composed of numerous testis follicles in which different stages of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis develop. First, spermatocytes are formed by the mitosis division of the germ cells at the distal end of the follicles. Then, spermatocytes form spermatids by meiosis division in the middle region of the follicles. Finally, spermatids are differentiated to spermatozoa at the proximal region of the follicles. After maturation of the spermatozoa, sperm tails come together as the sperm bundles called as spermatodesm. Each follicle is connected to vas deferens via vas efferens to discharging spermatozoa. In spite of some differences, the testes and the vas deferens in P. parallelus parallelus are highly similar to the those of other species, especially Orthopteran species.
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    SERS-based rapid assay for sensitive detection of Group A Streptococcus by evaluation of the swab sampling technique
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2019) Eryılmaz, Merve; Soykut, Esra Acar; Çetin, Demet; Boyacı, İsmail Hakkı; Suludere, Zekiye; Tamer, Uğur
    Beta-hemolytic, Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) is a life-threating pathogen and the reason for prominent disease, pharyngitis. The conventional analysis of GAS, gold standard, takes 48 hours and the related rapid tests lack in accuracy and sensitivity. In this study, firstly, the efficiency of swab sampling, which is a must in the GAS detection, was discussed with the proposed surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based batch assay and each step was controlled by the plate-counting method. Secondly, SERS-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test strips were constructed and the variation in the SERS intensity of 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was observed. Thus, a linear correlation was found with a R-2 value of 0.9926 and the LOD was calculated to be 0.2 CFU mL(-1) of GAS which could be counted as one cell. The combination of the gold standard with the LFIA-SERS technique enabled the fast and accurate pathogen detection. In addition, GAS was quantified with paper-based test strips up to 100 CFU ml(-1) level of bacteria for the first time without any interference. Besides, this study was featured with the discussion of the whole cell and pretreated cell detection of pathogens with LFIAs. Therefore, this work enlightens the points that have never been discussed on pathogen detection with paper-based platforms.