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Öğe First report of crown rot caused by fusarium redolens on wheat in Kazakhstan(AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC, 2021) Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Paulitz, Timothy C.; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.Fusarium crown rot, caused by several species within the genus, is a major constraint that results in significant losses in wheat production worldwide. In June 2019, diseased wheat plants with typical symptoms of crown rot including discoloration on the first two or three internodes of the stem just above the soil line and stunted, dry rotted, and discolored roots were collected in several bread wheat fields during the maturity stage in Almaty, East Kazakhstan, and Karaganda Regions of Kazakhstan.Öğe First report of Fusarium hostae causing crown rot on wheat in Azerbaijan(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2019) Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Bayraktar, Harun; Paulitz, Timothy C.; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.In June 2017, 76 fields were surveyed in the main bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) growing regions of Azerbaijan to identify the fungi causing crown and root rot. Diseased plants were collected at just prior to maturity, at maturity, and/or after harvest. About 20 to 30 tillers of wheat were randomly sampled from each field (about 5 ha), put in paper bags, and transported to the laboratory. The crown, root, and stem base tissues of each plant were rinsed with tap water to remove soil particles and examined for lesions. Sections (3 cm) of symptomatic tissues were surface disinfested with 1% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and air dried on sterilized filter paper in a laminar flow.Öğe Identity and pathogenicity of fungi associated with crown and root rot of dryland winter wheat in Azerbaijan(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2020) Özer, Göksel; Paulitz, Timothy C.; İmren, Mustafa; Alkan, Mehtap; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.A comprehensive survey was performed to assess fungal populations associated with crown and root rot of wheat throughout the main wheat-growing areas of Azerbaijan. Samples were taken from 76 fields; 630 fungal strains were isolated, identified, and evaluated for pathogenicity. The identification was conducted with morphological and molecular tools such as species-specific PCR and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha) loci. The fungus found in the greatest number of fields (44) was Fusarium culmorum with 192 isolates, followed by F. acuminatum. Other Fusarium spp. isolates were identified: F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. graminearum, F. incarnatum, F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. algeriense, and F. brachygibbosum. Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia spicifera, Exserohilum pedicellatum, Nigrospora oryzae, and Rhizoctonia spp. isolates were also identified, associated with underground parts of wheat. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and EF1-a sequences of the isolates showed that the isolates belonging to the same species were clearly separated in the dendrogram. Pathogenicity assays revealed that F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. graminearum were most aggressive; F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. algeriense, B. sorokiniana, C. spicifera, and R. solani isolates were moderately aggressive; C. inaequalis, E. pedicellatum, and N. oryzae were weakly aggressive; and others were nonpathogenic. The result of this study exhibited the existence of a wide range of species associated with crown and root rot of wheat in Azerbaijan. Additionally, this is the first report of F. hostae, F. algeriense, C. spicifera, C. inaequalis, and N. oryzae as pathogens on wheat in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is the second country after Algeria in which F. algeriense was detected.Öğe Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with wheat in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Kazakhstan(American Phytopathological Society, 2021) İmren, Mustafa; Özer, Göksel; Paulitz, Timothy C.; Morgounov, Alexey; Dababat, Abdelfattah AmerKazakhstan is one of the biggest wheat producers, however, its wheat production is far below the average international wheat production standard due to biotic and abiotic stressors. Plant-parasitic nematodes are devastating for cereal production systems worldwide. A comprehensive survey was conducted in 2019 to identify plant-parasitic nematodes associated with wheat in different locations of central, eastern, and southeastern Kazakhstan. The results revealed 33 root-lesion and 27 cyst nematode populations from the 77 localities sampled. These two genera occurred in separate or in mixed populations. The root-lesion populations were identified as Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei while all cyst nematodes were identified as Heterodera filipjevi. The identification of nematodes was firstly performed based on morphological and morphometric features and confirmed by BLAST and phylogenetic analyses based on the internal transcribed spacer and the D2-D3 expansion located in the 28S gene of ribosomal DNA for CCN and RLN populations, respectively. Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei populations from Kazakhstan showed a high similarity with the American, European, and Asian populations. Heterodera filipjevi populations formed a well-supported cluster with the corresponding populations from different countries and showed a slightly intraspecific polymorphism. Kazakhstan populations of H. filipjevi may have multiple introductions in Kazakhstan due to the divergence among them. The results of this study are of great importance for breeding programs and will enable awareness for extension advisors to develop measures to control these nematodes in cereal cropping areas in Kazakhstan.
