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    Ensemble learning framework with GLCM texture extraction for early detection of lung cancer on CT images
    (Hindawi Ltd, 2022) Althubiti, Sara A.; Paul, Sanchita; Mohanty, Rajanikanta; Mohanty, Sachi Nandan; Alenezi, Fayadh; Polat, Kemal
    Lung cancer has emerged as a major cause of death among all demographics worldwide, largely caused by a proliferation of smoking habits. However, early detection and diagnosis of lung cancer through technological improvements can save the lives of millions of individuals affected globally. Computerized tomography (CT) scan imaging is a proven and popular technique in the medical field, but diagnosing cancer with only CT scans is a difficult task even for doctors and experts. This is why computer-assisted diagnosis has revolutionized disease diagnosis, especially cancer detection. This study looks at 20 CT scan images of lungs. In a preprocessing step, we chose the best filter to be applied to medical CT images between median, Gaussian, 2D convolution, and mean. From there, it was established that the median filter is the most appropriate. Next, we improved image contrast by applying adaptive histogram equalization. Finally, the preprocessed image with better quality is subjected to two optimization algorithms, fuzzy c-means and k-means clustering. The performance of these algorithms was then compared. Fuzzy c-means showed the highest accuracy of 98%. The feature was extracted using Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM). In classification, a comparison between three algorithms-bagging, gradient boosting, and ensemble (SVM, MLPNN, DT, logistic regression, and KNN)-was performed. Gradient boosting performed the best among these three, having an accuracy of 90.9%.