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    The Detection of Chemical and Biological Threat Agents Using Nanomaterial-Based Plasmonic Nanosensors
    (CRC Press, 2024) Aşir, Süleyman; Türkmen, Deniz; Ovezova, Mamajan; Göktürk, Ilgim; Yilmaz, Gaye Ezgi; Yilmaz, Fatma
    It is important to detect chemical and biological threat agents for homeland security and defense, and new detection methods with intelligent capabilities need to be developed. The hazards caused by biological and chemical threat agents and the limited availability of modern methods for detecting these agents form the basis of the need to develop new sensors. In recent years, nanomaterial-based plasmonic sensors have been widely used in applications for detecting chemical and biological threat agents due to their advantages. The large surface area to volume ratio of nanomaterials has enabled many possibilities for the creation of new nanosensors to be used for sensing. Herein, we provide an overview of biological and chemical threat agents. After giving a brief overview of the working principles of plasmonic sensors, the applications used to detect a broad spectrum of biological and chemical threat agents is extensively discussed. The final section summarizes concluding remarks about the identification of biological and chemical threat agents using nanomaterial-based plasmonic nanosensors and future perspectives. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Adil Denizli; individual chapters, the contributors.
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    Plasmonic sensing platform for C-reactive protein recognition via synthetic receptors decorated on graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles
    (Elsevier, 2024) Ovezova, Mamajan; Yilmaz, Fatma; Gokturk, Ilgim; Denizli, Adil
    C-reactive protein (CRP) level provides important information about the health status of the individual in predicting many diseases such as cardiovascular, chronic inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, determining CRP levels is important for correct health intervention and treatment follow-up. For the selective detection of CRP, we developed a (GO/Au-MIP) SPR sensor containing CRP-imprinted polymer modified with graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles. To prove the enhanced sensitivity of the sensor resulting from the presence of graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a CRP-imprinted (MIP) SPR sensor was prepared using the same method, excluding the incorporation of GO and AuNPs. In addition, a non-imprinted GO/Au-NIP SPR sensor was also prepared to evaluate the imprinting efficiency. In detecting CRP in PBS buffer, the GO/Au-MIP SPR sensor exhibited linearity in the concentration ranges of 0.1-2 ppm (R-2 = 0.9721) and 5-100 ppm (R-2 = 0.9740). The detection limit of the prepared sensor was calculated as 0.0082 ppm. In the study, the imprinting process efficiency was also evaluated by calculating the imprinting factor value (I.F=13.84). In the selectivity studies, the GO/Au-MIP SPR sensor was determined to be 9.23 times more selective against CRP protein than bovine serum albumin and 29.53 times more selective than hemoglobin. When the repeatability of the GO/Au-MIP SPR sensor was examined, it was determined that the GO/Au-MIP SPR sensor was able to detect CRP without any deterioration in performance in five consecutive reuses (RSD<1.5). Finally, CRP detection studies from the serum and urine solutions, which were selected as real samples, were carried out by the GO/Au-MIP SPR sensor to evaluate the matrix effect. CRP spiked serum sample was analyzed by the other standard method to validate the analytical results using CRP analyser.