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    The genetic diversity and population structure of wild soybean evaluated by chloroplast and nuclear gene sequences
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2017) Wang, Yunsheng; Ghouri, Fozia; Shahid, Muhammad Qasim; Naeem, Muhammad; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad
    Glycine sofa, also called wild soybean, is the wild ancestor of domesticated soybean (Glycine max), and one of the world's major cultivated crops. Wild soybean is a valuable resource for the breeding of cultivated soybean and harbors useful genes or agronomic traits. To use and conserve this valuable resource, we conducted a study to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of wild soybean using the sequencing data of two nuclear loci (AF105221 and PhyB) and one chloroplast locus (trnQ-rps16) of more than 600 individuals representing 53 populations throughout the natural distribution range. The results showed that most of the variation was found within the populations and groups, but significant genetic differentiation was also detected among different eco-geographical groups. Correlations between genetic and geographical distance at all the loci were consistent with the isolation by distance gene flow model. G. sofa exhibited the highest genetic diversity in middle and downstream of Yangzi River (MDYR) region, followed by North East China (NEC), and was the lowest in North West China (NWC). We concluded that both in situ and ex situ conservation strategies required for wild soybean populations, especially which are native to MDYR and NEC regions. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Genetic diversity in mutated and non-mutated rice varieties
    (Funpec-Editora, 2015) Naeem, Muhammad; Ghouri, Fozia; Shahid, Muhammad Qasim; Iqbal, Mudassar; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad
    We studied the genetic variability due to mutation induced by gamma-rays (10, 15, and 20 Kr) on various traits of twelve rice genotypes. Mutated and non-mutated seeds were sown in the field between July 2013 and 2014 using a split plot design. Yield and yield-related trait data was recorded, which showed significant (P < 0.05) genotypic and irradiation effects. Gamma radiation exerted non-significant effects on the panicle length of all plants, indicating the uniformity of performance of this character at different radiation levels. The plant height, grains per main panicle, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, grain weight per main panicle, and fertility percentage was minimum in Basmati-198, Basmati-Pak, Shaheen-2000, Super Basmati, Basmati-385, and Super Basmati, respectively, when exposed to radiation at 20 Kr. However, Basmati-370 attained maximum flag leaf area at this level of radiation. Broad sense heritability ranged from 72.0 to 97.7%, indicating the possibility of selection during earlier generations. Phenotypic correlation was positive and significant between grain weight per main panicle with panicle length and flag leaf area. Number of grains per main panicle and genotypic correlation were positive among grain weight per main panicle, panicle length, fertility percentage, 1000-grain weight, and plant height, indicating the effectiveness of these traits in the selection for yield. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a pair-wise similarity ranging from 0.51-0.76 before mutation and 0.39-0.89 after mutation. This study proved that gamma-rays at 20 Kr would be most effective in creating genetic variability in the existing germplasm.
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    Genomics, phenomics, and next breeding tools for genetic improvement of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
    (Springer International Publishing, 2021) Yilmaz, Abdurrahim; Yeken, Mehmet Zahit; Ali, Fawad; Barut, Muzaffer; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Yilmaz, Hilal; Naeem, Muhammad
    Safflower is one of the most important oilseed crops with high-quality seed oil. It can be grown especially in the arid and semiarid regions in the world. The main reason why safflower is not widely cultivated is because of its low yield. Various breeding efforts have made a significant contribution to the improvement of safflower; however, it seems necessary to exploit the potentiality of this underutilized plant. The development of new and improved safflower varieties will improve the sustainability of this crop to different environmental conditions. Classic breeding efforts made great efforts in safflower breeding; however, these techniques have been slow to develop complex traits such as yield, oil yield, some quality traits, and biotic-abiotic stress resistance. Recent advancements in molecular markers and genome sequencing technologies enhanced the breeding activities and aided the scientific community to understand and comprehensively explore the genetic diversity and population structure of safflower. Phenotypic and molecular characterization helped the construction of genetic linkage maps, leading to a better understanding of complex quantitative characters for safflower varieties. The present chapter articulates different aspects of safflower including phenomics, chemical content, origin-diffusion, similarity centers, wild relatives, genetic resources, trades, and comprehensive advancement in safflower breeding in terms of classical breeding, tissue culture, QTL mapping, association mapping, transgenic breeding, genome editing, and speed breeding. This information will lead to more short-term solutions in breeding safflower crop and will provide more practical information for breeders in the near future. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.