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Öğe Association of theory of mind and empathy abilities in adolescents with social anxiety disorder(Springer, 2020) Öztürk, Yusuf; Özyurt, Gonca; Turan, Serkan; Mutlu, Caner; Tufan, Ali Evren; Akay, Aynur PekcanlarStudies have shown that elevated empathic abilities and impaired theory of mind (ToM) tasks may be associated with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Adolescence is a critical period for the onset of SAD which may cause impairment in various domains of functioning. We aimed to investigate the association of ToM and empathy characteristics in adolescents diagnosed as having SAD. Forty-one drug-naive adolescents (between 12 and 18 years), who were diagnosed as having SAD without comorbidities were enrolled in the patient group. Forty adolescents in the same age range without any psychiatric disorders were matched as the healthy control group. The sample was evaluated via the Kiddie and Young Adult Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version. The severity of the SAD symptoms was evaluated using the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents. ToM was evaluated with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and emotion recognition was assessed by Faces Test. The KA-SI Empathic Tendency Scale was used to assess empathic abilities. The average age was 14.36 +/- 1.41 years in the SAD group and 14.30 +/- 1.04 years in the control group. Twenty-eight adolescents were female in the SAD and control groups. SAD and healthy controls did not differ in terms of sociodemographic data. There were higher scores in the KA-SI cognitive and affective empathic subscales (p < .001 in all scales) in the SAD group compared with the healthy controls. Adolescents with SAD have more difficulties both in Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and Faces Test. The results of this study may indicate that although adolescents with SAD may be impaired in decoding aspects of ToM they may evaluate themselves as more empathic in self-report tests. The discrepancy between objective tests of ToM decoding and subjective reports of empathy may play an important role in the etiology and treatment of SAD in adolescents.Öğe Attachment, emotion regulation and anger expression in adolescent depression: Did comorbid anxiety disorder not have a role?(Springer, 2021) Özyurt, Gonca; Öztürk, Yusuf; Onat, Merve; Mutlu, Caner; Akay, AynurDepression is a common mental health problem in adolescence. In this study it was aimed to investigate attachment properties, emotion regulation skills and anger expression patterns in adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to compare the results with healthy controls’ findings. Effects of having comorbid anxiety disorder (AD) to these psychological properties were also evaluated. The study was planned as three-centered, single-disciplinary, a cross-sectional study with a control group in Turkey. Depression group was consisted of 97 adolescents while control group was 101 adolescents. All participants were administered Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Depression group had statistically lower scores in peer attachment and parent attachment, and higher scores in all subscales of DERS compared to the controls. Due to STAXI, it was observed that depression group obtained statistically significant higher scores in trait anger, repression of anger, expression of anger and statistically lower scores in control of anger, compared the controls. There was no difference in state anger between groups. In depression group, there were no significant differences for any promising psychiatric properties between adolescents with MDD and those with MDD + AD. The findings of this study supported that anger expression and emotional regulation difficulties were related with depression and that this relationship was also associated by attachment security. These findings are important for clinical practice to increase understanding of the association between attachment security, emotion regulation, anger expression and depression. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Öğe Relationships between family functioning, parenting and peer victimization in adolescent depression: A cross-sectional study(Kare Publishing, 2021) Öztürk, Yusuf; Onat, Merve; Özyurt, Gonca; Mutlu, Caner; Tufan, Ali Evren; Akay, Aynur PekcanlarOBJECTIVE: Major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescence is a prevalent mental health problem with a complex etiology and a rising incidence. The aim of the study investigated functioning of family, attitudes of parents, and peer victimization in adolescents with MDD and to compare those with healthy adolescents. METHODS: The study was designed as a multi-center, cross-sectional, case-control study. 98 adolescents diagnosed with MDD and 99 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Beck depression inventory, parental attitude research instrument (PARI) tool, family assessment device (FAD), and multidimensional peer victimization scale (MPVS) were applied to all participants. Descriptive, correlational, and bivariate group comparisons were used in analyses. RESULTS: The average ages of adolescents with MDD and control adolescents were 14.7 (S.D.=1.5) and 15.0 (S.D.=1.6) years, respectively. Females formed 74.5% of youth with MDD (vs. 70.3% of controls). The groups were similar in terms of socio-demographic features (all p>0.05). Adolescents with MDD had significantly elevated scores in FAD subscales except problem solving, PARI rejection of homemaking, marital conflict, and authoritarian subscales, and all MPVS subscales. Adolescents with MDD also displayed significant positive correlations between all MPVS subscales and FAD subscales except FAD problem-solving. CONCLUSION: This cross-sectional, multi-center study suggests that family dysfunction and peer victimization may be higher in youth with MDD. Although cross-sectional design precludes evaluation of causality, it may be prudent to evaluate family functions as well as peer victimization of depressed youth.Öğe Relationships between theory of mind (ToM) and attachment properties in adolescent with social axiety disorder(2020) Öztürk, Yusuf; Özyurt, Gonca Engin; Turan, Ömer Serkan; Mutlu, Caner; Tufan, Ali EvrenIntroduction: Studies have suggested that attachment styles are associated with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Recent studies found that individuals with a diagnosis of SAD were significantly impaired relative to healthy controls on tasks of theory of mind (ToM). We aimed to investigate the association of ToM and attachment styles in adolescents diagnosed with SAD in this study. Methods: Drug-naïve 42 adolescents diagnosed with SAD and aged between 12 to 18, without psychiatric comorbidity were enrolled in the patient group. Forty-two adolescents in the same age range without any psychiatric disorders were matched as the healthy control group. The diagnosis was made by experienced clinicians using the Kiddie and Young Adult Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version and diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition. The severity of SAD symptoms was evaluated with the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents. ToM was evaluated with Reading the Mind in the Eyes task and faces test. Parent and Peer Attachment Inventory was used for assessing attachment properties. Results: Adolescents with SAD compared to healthy control groups have more difficulties both in Reading the Mind in the Eyes task and faces test. We found a statistically significant decrease in peer and parent attachment scores when compared with SAD and healthy controls (p<0.05). A negative correlation between the severity of SAD and both ToM tasks and attachment has been found. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that ToM deficits and insecure attachment style may play an important role in the etiology and treatment of SAD in adolescents.
