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    Distribution and diversity of cyst nematode (nematoda: heteroderidae) populations in the republic of Azerbaijan, and their molecular characterization using its-rDNA analysis
    (Organization Trop Amer Nematologists, 2019) Dababat, Abdelfattah Amer; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Orakcı, Gül Erginbaş; Fakhraddin, G. Ahmadova; Waeyenberge, Lieven; Yıldız, Sevilay; Duman, Nagihan
    Cereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) are a significant threat to global cereal production systems and choosing the correct management strategy requires knowledge and identification of various species. We conducted a survey across the main cereal-growing regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2017. Cyst-forming nematodes were detected in 34 samples (44.7%), of which 28 were identified as H. filipjevi or H. avenae using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequencing. Six populations were unidentifiable to species level and were recorded as belonging to the H avenae group. H. filipjevi was the dominant species, found in 19 samples (25%) from the provinces of Qobustan, Ismailli, Oguz, Sheki, Barda, and Kurdamir. H. avenae was detected in 9 samples (11.8%) across the provinces of Ismailli, Oguz, and Sheki. ITS-rDNA phylogenetic analyses showed that populations of H. filipjevi clustered in one group with two subgroups, all supported by high bootstrap values. Populations of H. avenae also clustered in one group with two subgroups. Genetic dissimilarities were higher within populations of H. filipjevi when compared to populations of H. avenae. The density of many of these cyst populations approached or exceeded the maximum threshold level for economic losses. This is the first report on H. filipjevi and H. avenae in Azerbaijan. The knowledge of cereal cyst nematode presence is extremely important for Azerbaijan's agricultural industry when assessing the occurrence and distribution of soilborne diseases. Management measures to control cereal cyst nematodes should be directed towards breeding for resistant germplasm, crop rotation, and implementing other management practices.
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    First report of Fusarium hostae causing crown rot on wheat in Azerbaijan
    (Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2019) Özer, Göksel; İmren, Mustafa; Bayraktar, Harun; Paulitz, Timothy C.; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.
    In June 2017, 76 fields were surveyed in the main bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) growing regions of Azerbaijan to identify the fungi causing crown and root rot. Diseased plants were collected at just prior to maturity, at maturity, and/or after harvest. About 20 to 30 tillers of wheat were randomly sampled from each field (about 5 ha), put in paper bags, and transported to the laboratory. The crown, root, and stem base tissues of each plant were rinsed with tap water to remove soil particles and examined for lesions. Sections (3 cm) of symptomatic tissues were surface disinfested with 1% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water, and air dried on sterilized filter paper in a laminar flow.
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    First report of rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGII and AG-2-1 causing root rot of wheat in Azerbaijan
    (Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2019) Özer, Göksel; Göre, Mehmet Erhan; İmren, Mustafa; Khalilova, Sabina; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Dababat, Abdelfattah Amer
    n summer 2017, an intensive field survey was carried out in the major wheat growing areas of Azerbaijan to identify root and crown rot fungi associated with winter wheat. Plants showing root and crown rot symptoms were collected from 76 wheat fields and transferred to the laboratory
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    Identity and pathogenicity of fungi associated with crown and root rot of dryland winter wheat in Azerbaijan
    (Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2020) Özer, Göksel; Paulitz, Timothy C.; İmren, Mustafa; Alkan, Mehtap; Muminjanov, Hafiz; Dababat, Abdelfattah A.
    A comprehensive survey was performed to assess fungal populations associated with crown and root rot of wheat throughout the main wheat-growing areas of Azerbaijan. Samples were taken from 76 fields; 630 fungal strains were isolated, identified, and evaluated for pathogenicity. The identification was conducted with morphological and molecular tools such as species-specific PCR and DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-alpha) loci. The fungus found in the greatest number of fields (44) was Fusarium culmorum with 192 isolates, followed by F. acuminatum. Other Fusarium spp. isolates were identified: F. equiseti, F. pseudograminearum, F. graminearum, F. incarnatum, F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, F. algeriense, and F. brachygibbosum. Bipolaris sorokiniana, Curvularia spicifera, Exserohilum pedicellatum, Nigrospora oryzae, and Rhizoctonia spp. isolates were also identified, associated with underground parts of wheat. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and EF1-a sequences of the isolates showed that the isolates belonging to the same species were clearly separated in the dendrogram. Pathogenicity assays revealed that F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, and F. graminearum were most aggressive; F. avenaceum, F. hostae, F. algeriense, B. sorokiniana, C. spicifera, and R. solani isolates were moderately aggressive; C. inaequalis, E. pedicellatum, and N. oryzae were weakly aggressive; and others were nonpathogenic. The result of this study exhibited the existence of a wide range of species associated with crown and root rot of wheat in Azerbaijan. Additionally, this is the first report of F. hostae, F. algeriense, C. spicifera, C. inaequalis, and N. oryzae as pathogens on wheat in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is the second country after Algeria in which F. algeriense was detected.