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Öğe Distribution and occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with raspberry (Rubus idaeus) in Souss-Massa region of Morocco: Relationship with soil physico-chemical factors(Russian Acad Sci, Inst Parasitology, 2019) Mokrini, Fouad; Laasli, Salah-Eddine; Iraqui, Driss; Wifaya, Ahmed; Abdelaziz, Mimouni; Orakçı, Gül Erginbaş; İmren, MustafaRaspberry (Rubus idaeus) polytunnels in Morocco's Souss-Massa region were surveyed between February and April 2018. The study was aimed to investigate the diversity and incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes affecting raspberry crop and to assess the effects of soil physico-chemical properties on the nematodes. Twelve nematode genera were identified form the soil and root samples collected from 41 raspberry polytunnels across the three provinces (Belfaa, Biougra and Khmis Ait Aimra). The most common plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) were Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp. and Helicotylenchus spp. In terms of their abundance and frequency, four PPN (Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus spp. and Tylenchus spp.) were abundant and frequent throughout the region. Several genera of nematodes were significantly associated with soil texture, organic matter and pH, which indicate that soil properties play an important role in PPN communities. This description of PPN assemblages associated with red raspberry polytunnels in Souss-Massa region provides a starting point from which further studies will be implemented for the other regions of Morocco cultivating raspberries, and to develop efficient management strategies.Öğe Diversity and management strategies of plant parasitic nematodes in moroccan organic farming and their relationship with soil physico-chemical properties(Mdpi, 2020) Krif, Ghizlane; Mokrini, Fouad; El Aissami, Aicha; Laasli, Salah-Eddine; İmren, Mustafa; Özer, Göksel; Paulitz, TimothyOrganic farming has been increasing steadily over the last decade and is expected to grow drastically in the future. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are known as one of the most important pests attacking various plants in conventional and organic farming systems. A survey was conducted in January 2019 to determine the occurrence and diversity of PPNs, their associations with soil properties, and to assess their management methods in organically farmed fields in Southern Morocco. Twelve genera of PPNs were identified in soil and root samples collected from 53 organic fields, including Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorynchus, Criconemoides, Trichodorus, and Xiphinema. The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) were the most prevalent PPNs. Vegetable crops (bean, onion, and tomato) had high nematode diversity indices compared to some aromatic and medicinal crops, including the Shannon, Evenness, and plant parasitic index (PPI). Our study underlined that several PPN genera were significantly correlated with soil physico-chemical properties, in particular, soil structure and organic matter. Therefore, it was concluded that soil properties have a considerable impact on PPN communities in organic farming systems located in Southern Morocco. There are numerous strategies for the control of PPNs in organic farming systems.Öğe Dry root rot disease, an emerging threat to citrus industry worldwide under climate change: A review(ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2022) Ezrari, Said; Radouane, Nabil; Tahiri, Abdessalem; El Housni, Zakaria; Mokrini, Fouad; Özer, GökselCitrus is among the most important fruit crops grown worldwide. Yet, it is known to be affected by many fungal diseases including dry root rot that is becoming a serious threat to citrus plantations worldwide, with an increasing incidence under biotic and/or abiotic stresses. Healthy trees could suddenly wilt and fall with symptoms of root rot, necrotic roots, purple wood discoloration, chlorosis, and dieback until the decline of the tree. Studies have indicated that the disease is caused by a complex of Fusarium spp., which is one of the most diverse fungi species in which Fusarium solani was reported to be the most predominant. More investigations are needed to properly identify pathogens, and understand the conditions and factors associated with dry root rot occurrence. This will help to establish and adopt a solid integrated control strategy for managing this disease. Therefore, this review focuses on symptomology and the recent progress made on morphological and molecular tools employed for accurate identification of the etiological agents associated with dry root rot, and the management strategies developed to control this disease in the recent decades. This review also highlights the new reliable alternative methods used for the control of the disease under sustainable agriculture.Öğe Effects of temperature and duration of storage on the hatching behaviour of Heterodera latipons (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2021) Tatlı, Yiğit Ali; Bozbuğa, Refik; Özer, Göksel; Mokrini, Fouad; Lahlali, Rachid; Dababat, Abdelfattah Amer; İmren, MustafaMediterranean cereal cyst nematode (CCN) Heterodera latipons is considered as one of the main CCN that causes significant economic losses in the production of intolerant cereal crops in Turkey. Accordingly, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of different storing temperatures and durations on the emergence of second-stage juveniles (J2s) of the nematode populations obtained from the eastern Mediterranean (Adana and Hatay) and south-eastern (Gaziantep and Kilis) regions of Turkey. The obtained results revealed a variation in the J2s hatching profiles of the regional nematode populations. The eastern-Mediterranean and the south-eastern populations hatched at between 5 and 20 degrees C; however, considerable divergences in the J2 hatching were noticed. The highest emergence of J2s for the populations occurred at 10 degrees C, whereas the lowest level was observed at 5 degrees C. To simulate the preplanting soil temperatures in Turkey, the cysts were stored at 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C, before incubation at 10 and 15 degrees C, to stimulate hatching of the J2s. The highest cumulative hatching was obtained at a constant temperature of 10 degrees C, while the lowest cumulative hatching occurred at 5 degrees C. Moreover, storing cysts at 5 degrees C, before incubation at 10 and 15 degrees C, significantly stimulated hatching of the populations of H. latipons when compared to the control. However, storing the cysts at 20 degrees C, before incubation at 10 degrees C, substantially stimulated the emergence of J2s relative to the control. The obtained results about the hatching behaviour of H. latipons may help in the development of effective control strategies for this nematode in Turkey.Öğe First report of Heterodera hordecalis, a cereal cyst nematode, on wheat in Algeria(American Phytopathological Society, 2018) Smaha, Djamel; Mokrini, Fouad; İmren, Mustafa; Mokabli, Aissa; Dababat, Abdelfattah AmerThe cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) are a major group of plant-parasitic nematodes that attack many crop species and cause serious yield losses in major food crops (Jones et al. 2015). Nematodes in the genus Heterodera occur in all major cereal production areas in the Mediterranean Basin (Dababat et al. 2015). In June 2016, six soil samples were collected from durum wheat (Triticum durum) fields of Guellal (36°2'7" N; 5°20'12" E), Hammam Sokhna (35°58’60" N; 5°48’0" E), Ain Arnat (36°10’60" N; 5°19’0" E), Seriana (35°41’37'' N; 6°11’12'' E), Sebaine (33°39’0'' N; 0°12’0'' E), and Maghnia (34°51’42" N; 1°43’50" W), located in the Algerian provinces of Setif, Batna, Tiaret, and Tlemcen. The surveyed wheat fields had stunted patches, poor plant growth, chlorotic lower leaves, and few or no tillers. Cysts were extracted from the soil using a Fenwick Can technique (Fenwick 1940) and identified. Morphologically, cysts were rounded, deep yellow to brown, with a thick subcrystalline layer, small vulval cone, bifenestrate, two almost circular semifenestrates separated from each other by a rather wide vulval bridge, vulval slit obviously covered by a flap, and bullae present at the underbridge level. Cysts also displayed a strong underbridge with pronounced thickening in the middle and bifurcation at both ends.Öğe First report of the cereal cyst nematode (Helerodera filipjevi)-on wheat in Algeria(Amer Phytopathological Soc, 2018) Smaha, Djamel; Mokrini, Fouad; İmren, Mustafa; Mokabli, Assia; Dababat, AbdelfattahCereal cyst nematodes (CCNs) are an important group of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes that restrict production of cereal crops throughout the world (Smiley et al. 2017). Heterodera filipjevi is considered one of the most destructive Heterodera species and causes significant damage in global wheat production (Dababat et al. 2015). In April 2016, two populations of cyst nematode were collected from Lamtar (35°4′4″ N; 0°47′53″ W) and Telagh (34°47′6″ N; 0°34′23″ W) wheat (Triticum durum) fields of Sidi Bel Abbes province in Algeria. The wheat fields had stunted patches, poor plant growth, chlorotic lower leaves, and few or no tillers. Cyst extraction from soils taken from the Lamtar and Telagh fields resulted in 9 and 11 cysts per 100 cm3 of soil, respectively. The cysts were extracted from soil using a Fenwick can technique (Fenwick 1940) and identified by morphology and morphometric analysis as well as by internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-rDNA sequencing. Morphologically, the cysts were lemon shaped with a posterior protuberance. The vulval cone was bifenestrate with horseshoe-shaped semifenestra and had strongly developed bullae and an underbridge.Öğe Genetic and pathogenic variation in Heterodera latipons populations from Turkey(Brill, 2021) Dababat, Abdelfattah Amer; İmren, Mustafa; Özer, Göksel; Mokrini, Fouad; Duman, Nagihan; Paulitz, TimothyThe cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera latipons, is an important plant parasite causing substantial yield losses in wheat throughout the world. This study aimed to determine genetic and pathogenic variation in IL latipons populations obtained from the southern part of Turkey. The populations were identified as H. latipons by sequencing the ITS-rDNA region and further sequence analysis showed an intraspecific genetic variation in H. latipons populations. which were clustered into different groups. The International Test Assortment materials were used to determine pathogenic variation (pathotypes) in these populations. The results showed that 'Ortolan'. 'Morocco', 'KVL191'. Tajo Aragon 1-1', 'Herta'. 'Martin 403-T. 'Sun II' and 'Pusa Hybrid Bsi' cultivars were resistant or moderately resistant to the tested nematode populations. 'Emir', 'Dalmatische' and 'Capa' were susceptible to IL latipons populations. The Hatay population of H. latipons was detected as the most virulent nematode population because ten out of 20 cultivars were susceptible or moderately susceptible to this population. The least virulent population was the Kills population, which caused susceptible reaction on six out of all cultivars with different levels. Based on this scheme. the Turkish populations were in the Hal group: the reactions of barley, oats and wheat classified them as either Ha41 or Ha51. Barley 'KVL191' was resistant to all nematode populations but susceptible to Ha51 and the reactions of the other barley cultivars were also consistent with the Turkish populations being Ila51. AUS10894' was susceptible to three nematode populations but resistant to Ila41, and the reaction of 'Capa' was also consistent with the Turkish populations being Ha51. However, the degree of susceptibility of all wheat differentials distinguishes the Turkish populations from other pathotypes in the Ha1 group.Öğe Host suitability of different wheat lines to Pratylenchus thornei under naturally infested field conditions in Turkey(Brill Academic Publishers, 2019) Dababat, Abdelfattah A.; Mokrini, Fouad; Laasli, Salah-Eddine; Yıldız, Şenol; Orakçı, Gül Erginbaş; Duman, Nagihan; İmren, MustafaThe root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, attacks a wide range of crops and causes significant reductions in global grain production. Breeding programmes are currently restricted to using parents with moderate resistance to P. thornei as cereal cultivars with complete resistance are yet to be identified. This study evaluated 484 of CIMMYT's spring wheat accessions for resistance to P. thornei of which 56 lines were pre-identified as resistant under controlled growth room conditions. These lines were further evaluated for their resistance and tolerance reactions under field conditions, where 14 accessions maintained their resistance and 16 were moderately resistant against P. thornei. Four lines gave excellent resistant and tolerance reactions to P. thornei. The relationship between the nematode reproduction factor (P-f/P-i) and wheat grain yield in field experiments fits a linear regression model. These findings could be useful for improving P. thornei resistance in wheat.Öğe Interaction of root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei) and crown rot fungus (Fusarium culmorum) associated with spring wheat resistance under simulated field conditions(Springer, 2022) Laasli, Salah Eddine; İmren, Mustafa; Özer, Göksel; Mokrini, Fouad; Lahlali, Rachid; Bert, WimThe root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus thornei, and the crown rot fungus, Fusarium culmorum, cause tremendous damage to a wide range of grain crops, resulting in significant economic losses in the global yield production. The presence of both pathogens simultaneously in cereal fields puts more pressure on breeding programs, restricting new resistant cultivars to express their potential. This study investigated 150 spring wheat lines of the 18KASIB-CORE nursery for their host suitability to P. thornei and F. culmorum, inoculated singly or in combination. Forty-eight lines were resistant to P. thornei, while 16 lines were moderately resistant to F. culmorum. Among these, nine lines maintained their resistance reaction against the complex disease involving both pathogens, while only four lines provided resistance against individual and combined infestations. Infestation scenarios of both pathogens were monitored for each resistant variety and predicted using both reproduction factor and disease index. Pratylenchus thornei downgraded all resistant lines to F. culmorum, facilitating infestation and making their severity more pronounced (169% cumulative damage) with a negative impact on yield performance. These findings are useful for improving nematode x fungus resistance in wheat and selecting promising germplasm for breeding purposes against both diseases.Öğe Morphological and molecular identification of cyst nematode species (Heterodera spp.) in Algerian cereal fields(Polish Academy of Sciences, 2019) Smaha, Djamel; Mokrini, Fouad; İmren, Mustafa; Mokabli, Aissa; Dababat, A. DababatCereal cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp.) are distributed globally and cause severe production losses of small grain cereals. To investigate the occurrence of cereal cyst nematodes in wheat-growing areas of Algeria, a survey was conducted and 27 cereal cyst nematode populations were collected. The populations were initially identified based on their morphological and morphometric characters, followed by molecular methods using species-specific primers, complemented by ITS-rDNA sequences. The morphological and morphometric features of second-stage juveniles (J2s) and cysts supported the presence of three Heterodera species: H. avenae, H. filipjevi and H. hordecalis. All morphological values of these distinct populations were very similar to those previously described for these species. Using species-specific primers for H. avenae and H. filipjevi, the specific bands of 109 bp and 646 bp confirmed the morphological identification of both species, respectively. In addition, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were sequenced to study the diversity of the 27 populations. These sequences were compared with those of Heterodera species available in the GenBank database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and re-confirmed the identity of the species. Nineteen sequences of ITS-rDNA were similar (99–100%) to the sequences of H. avenae published in the GenBank, six sequences were similar (99–100%) to H. hordecalis, and two were similar (98–99%) to H. filipjevi. The results of this study are of great value to breeding programs and extension services, where they will contribute to the design of control measures to keep damaging nematodes in check. © 2019 Polish Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.Öğe Occurrence and geographic distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with citrus in Morocco and their interaction with soil patterns(MDPI, 2022) Zoubi, Btissam; Mokrini, Fouad; Dababat, Abdelfattah Amer; Amer, Mohammed; Ghoulam, Cherki; İmren, MustafaPlant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are found in citrus plantations throughout the world, but they are considered to be the most problematic pest in Morocco. Citrus fruit quality and yield have been adversely affected by PPNs. Due to data unavailability of nematodes associated with citrus, a detailed survey was conducted in the main citrus-growing regions of Morocco during 2020-2021 to assess the occurrence, distribution, and diversity of PPNs associated with rhizospheres of citrus trees. In addition, some soil properties have also been assessed for their impact on soil properties. Plant-parasitic nematode diversity was calculated using two ecological indexes, the Shannon diversity index (H ') and the Evenness index (E). The collected soil and root samples were analyzed, and eleven genera and ten species of plant-parasitic nematodes were identified. The results show that the most predominant PPN species were Tylenchulus semipenetrans (88%), Helicotylenchus spp. (75%), Pratylenchus spp. (47%), Tylenchus spp. (51%), and Xiphinema spp. (31%). The results showed that PPN distributions were correlated with soil physicochemical properties such as soil texture, pH levels, and mineral content. Based on the obtained result, it was concluded that besides the direct effects of the host plant, physicochemical factors of the soil could greatly affect PPN communities in citrus growing orchards.Öğe Occurrence, identification and phylogenetic analyses of cereal cyst nematodes in Kyrgyzstan(Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, 2023) Saleh, Azzam; Yıldız, Şenol; Özer, Göksel; Mokrini, Fouad; Uulu, Tair Esenali; İmren, Mustafa. The study investigated the status of cereal cyst nematodes (CCN) in the main wheat-growing areas of Kyrgyzstan in 2020. Soil samples were taken from 69 different wheat fields located in Chuy and Issyk-Kul provinces. CCN were found in thirty-one out of the sixty-nine locations surveyed. The highest occurrence of CCN was in the Tyup location in Issyk-Kul province with 81 cysts (250 cm3 soil)-1. The CCN populations were identified by both morphological and molecular analyses. According to the results, all populations were identified as Heterodera filipjevi. No variations in rDNA-ITS sequencing data were detected among the 31 cyst nematode populations, and the phylogenetic tree showed that Kyrgyz populations clustered with H. filipjevi populations from Belgium, Spain and Turkey, and separated populations from Germany, Iran, UK, Tajikistan, France and Russia. Therefore, the findings suggested the presence of only one species of CCN in the study areas of Kyrgyzstan, currently.Öğe Phytopathogenic nematodes associated with olive trees (Olea europaea L.) in North Africa: Current status and management prospects(Springer, 2023) Laasli, Salah Eddine; Mokrini, Fouad; Dababat, Abdelfattah Amer; Yüksel, Ebubekir; İmren, Mustafa; Amiri, SaidThe olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a significantly important crop in an ecological, economic, and cultural manner, particularly in North Africa. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are dangerous soilborne pathogens, particularly in olive nurseries, contributing to annual economic and yield losses. However, the impact of these nematodes on olive orchards and nurseries has been documented in only a few countries. This review aims to provide (1) an update on the current status of PPNs associated with olive trees in North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya). (2) Reviewing their current diversity in different taxonomic levels and highlighting the frequencies of different taxa causing damage to olive trees, (3) describing their role as root and soil health bioindicators via potential affiliation with edaphic properties, and (4) listing current management strategies against PPNs in olives with a focus on integrated biocontrol methods. Dedicating more research topics to the nematode communities associated with olive trees is extremely important for assuring better management to reach cropping yield sustainability.Öğe Plant-parasitic nematodes on cereals in northern Kazakhstan(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Dababat, Abdelfattah; İmren, Mustafa; Pridannikov, Mikhail; Zhapayev, Rauan; Mokrini, Fouad; Otemissova, Ainur; Özer, GökselPlant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are considered serious damaging on the global cereals production systems. The current study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of PPNs in the main cereal-growing areas in northern Kazakhstan. PPNs were detected in about 90% of 78 soil samples and thirteen genera were identified, including Pratylenchus, Heterodera, Geocenamus, Ditylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Pratylenchoides, and Tylenchorhynchus. Out of the 78 samples, 32 samples were found infested by Heterodera filipjevi based on the morphological and molecular analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report on this cereal cyst nematode species in northern Kazakhstan. During the morphological and molecular assays, intraspecific polymorphism was observed within H. filipjevi populations and the populations divided into at least two groups. The highest frequency of infestation of H. filipjevi (76%) was recorded from Kokshetau Province when compared to other provinces: Astana (50%), Petropavl (37%), and Kostanay (16%). The highest number of cysts (30.4) was found among Astana samples while the lowest number of cysts (18.2) was recorded from Kostanay samples. Cyst nematodes can maintain their population above the economic threshold as stimulated by the cereal monoculture system (mainly wheat) which is similar to the cereal production systems of northern Kazakhstan.Öğe Potential of Moroccan entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)(Nature Research, 2020) Mokrini, Fouad; Laasli, Salah-Eddine; Benseddik, Youssef; Joutei, Abdelmalek Boutaleb; Blenzar, Abdelali; Lakhal, Hicham; Sbaghi, Mohamed; İmren, Mustafa; Özer, GökselThe Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, is a deleterious pest worldwide affecting fruit production. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are a potential biocontrol agent that could be effectively used to control this Mediterranean fruit fly. In this study, five EPN strains reported from different fields in Morocco were evaluated for their efficacy against C. capitata. In laboratory assays, Steinernema feltiae-SF-MOR9, S. feltiae-SF-MOR10 and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora-HB-MOR7 strains showed significantly higher infectivity and penetration rates when compared to the other strains. S. feltiae-SF-MOR9 caused the highest larval mortality rate (80%) at 50 infective juveniles (IJs) cm(-2). However, additional results showed that both S. feltiae strains were significantly effective in controlling C. capitata larvae in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) fruits on soil surface with high mortality rate at 50 and 100 IJs -cm-2. Different soil textures and moisture levels resulted in a significant variation in EPN strain virulence against C. capitata. Sandy clay loam soil in combination with 50 IJs -cm-2 of S. feltiae (SF-MOR9 or SF-MOR10) caused a higher mortality rate of C. capitata larvae. Furthermore, applying these EPN strains at 50-100 IJs cm(-2) in combination with 10-15% moisture level showed optimal results against C. capitata larvae. Therefore, those two Moroccan EPN strains could be used as promising eco-friendly biological agents against C. capitata.
