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    Assessment of HAV and HEV seroprevalence in children living in post-earthquake camps from Duzce, Turkey
    (Kluwer Academic Publ, 2004) Sencan, I; Sahin, I; Kaya, D; Oksuz, S; Yildirim, M
    The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalance of enterically transmitted hepatitis among children living in post-earthquake camps, and to assess the efficacy of the measurements during and after the disaster in Duzce and Golyaka. In the second half of 1999, North-western Turkey, was struck by two massive earthquakes in less than 3 months. The first, on 17 August 1999, involving Golyaka, was struck, measuring between 7.4 and 7.8 on the Richter scale. Irregularity about providing clean water and necessary sanitary facilities were observed after the first earthquake because of confusion. The second quake, on 12 November 1999, which rated 7.2 on the Richter scale, shook Duzce. Necessary precautions were applied rapidly at the second quake about shelter, clean drinking water, food and control of distribution of the aids by government and civil aid organisations. Anti-HEV(IgG) and anti-HAV(IgG) antibodies were determined in 476 sera of the children who was living in six camps. HAV prevalence of the children who were living in Duzce and Golyaka temporary houses was 44.4 and 68.8% respectively, OR: 0.37, CI 95%: 0.22-0.61, p = 0.0005. HEV prevalence of the children was 4.7 and 17.2% respectively, OR: 0.24, CI 95%: 0.11-0.51, p = 0.0007. In conclusion, HAV and HEV prevalence of children were lower than that in endemic areas but higher than that in developed countries. This study has pointed out the importance of providing urgent need of the sufficient sanitary facilities after disasters for preventing or reducing the incidence of enterically transmitted hepatitis, especially in the regions which were at risk for various disasters. Essential precautions such as providing clean water and food supply must be taken and an emergency action plan for preventing the infectious disease must be prepared before disasters such as earthquakes.
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    Molecular analysis of isoniazid, rifampin and streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with tuberculosis in Duzce, Turkey
    (Natl Inst Infectious Diseases, 2005) Ozturk, CE; Sanic, A; Kaya, D; Ceyhan, I
    The aim of this study was to use DNA sequencing analysis to analyze the mutations in the most commonly targeted genes (katG, inhA, rpoB, rpsL) in isoniazid (INH)-, rifampin (RIF)- and streptomycin (SM)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains obtained from subjects in Duzce, Turkey. Four isolates were found to be INH-resistant, 3 were RIF-resistant and 5 were SM-resistant, out of a total of 52 M. tuberculosis strains. In 3 of the 4 INH-resistant strains, a mutation in the katG gene in codon 315 appeared as AGC -> ACC (Ser -> Thr), and the other INH-resistant strain showed a mutation in the katG gene in codon 314 as ACC -> CCC (Thr -> Pro). There were no mutations in the inhA gene in INH-resistant isolates. Two of the 3 RIF-resistant strains were found to have mutations in the rpoB gene in codon 516 appearing as GAC -> GTC (Asp -> Val), and the other RIF-resistant strain has a mutation in the rpoB gene in codon 531 as TCG -> TTG (Ser -> Leu). These 3 RIF-resistant strains are also INH-resistant. All 5 SM-resistant strains have mutations in the rpsL gene in codon 43 appearing as AAG -> AGG (Lys -> Arg). Thus, we found common gene mutations that bring about the resistance of M. tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs in all of our isolates from Duzce. To the best of our knowledge, the ACC -> CCC (Thr -> Pro) mutation in the katG gene in codon 314 has not been previously defined.