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    Chemical Composition of Einkorn (Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum), Emmer (Triticum dicoccum), and Spelt (Triticum spelta)
    (Springer International Publishing, 2022) Şahin, Yunus; Karakas, Fatma Pehlivan
    Wheat, which has been cultivated for centuries, is one of the indispensable crops because of its high adaptability to various environmental conditions and its high nutritious content. With the hybridization of diploid relatives and, thus, emergence of tetraploid and hexaploid species, humankind has acquired good starch and protein variability. However, wild relatives and modern wheat have been undervalued regarding phytochemical or bioactive compounds and mineral contents. Ancient wheats – particularly einkorn, emmer, and spelt – as well as their relatives have been mostly evaluated for their bioactive compound contents so far. Their phenol, vitamin E, and carotenoid content (bioactive compounds) are said to have adverse positive effects on chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies have been investigated to compare phenolic, vitamin E, and carotenoid content of ancient wheat species in the chapter. Great variability has been observed among ancient wheat species, based on the studies; moreover, their mineral, dietary fiber, and starch/protein content have showed differences. These good quality characters of ancient wheat may present an opportunity for the breeder to improve the precious health content of modern wheat varieties. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.
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    Chemical contents of wheat landraces and their contribution to human health
    (Springer International Publishing, 2021) Keskin, Cisem Nildem; Karakas, Fatma Pehlivan; Ağil, Ferdi
    Wheat plays an important role in human diet and health. Turkey is known as one of the richest countries in terms of wheat varieties. Many wheat varieties from ancient to modern hybrid wheat varieties are still grown in Turkey. The high variety of wheat has enriched the food culture, and it has created a healthy eating habit for this country. It has been proven healthy in terms of its chemical ingredients such as B vitamin types, E vitamin isomers, Zn, and Fe. In addition, they include carotenes and bound form of phenolic acids that are effective in antioxidants. Besides these, wheat bran contains higher amount of fiber, which is important for digestion. Moreover, wheat contains gluten, which is not suitable for celiac patients but should be taken by people who do not have this disease. This chapter provides information about the chemical ingredients and nutritional content of different wheat varieties grown in Turkey. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.
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    Macro-Micro Element Variation in Traditionally Grown Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) and Emmer Wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank)
    (Pamukkale University, 2021) Zencirci, Nusret; Karakas, Fatma Pehlivan; Ordu, Bulent
    Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum) and emmer wheat (T. dicoccon (Schrank) Schubl.), disease and insect resistant, macro and microelement rich, and high quality are still grown in Turkey highlands (1000-1400 m). In this study, plant and soil samples were sampled for macro and micro elements and quality where appropriate. Nine traditional einkorn and emmer wheat farms soils were sampled in Bolu, Kastamonu, Karabük, Sinop, and Samsun provinces in the Western Black Sea Region, Turkey. Plants were sampled during July-August 2016. Methods applied according to the literature. Except for crude ash and copper in grains and the total salt and EC in soils, characters significantly differed. Grain wise, Population-4 had the highest P, K, Cu, Fe, and Mn; Kunduru-1149 had the highest 1000-grain weight, crude protein, energy, raw cellulose, and hectolitre; Population-8 had the highest energy, crude oil, carbohydrate, and starch. Soil wise, Population-5 had the highest Cu, Ca, and Mg; Population-8 had the highest N, Fe, and Mn; Population-2 had the highest N and Zn, CaCO3, active lime, EC, K2O, organic matter, P2O5, and salt. Correlations among grains were highly significant for N-Cu, P-Mn, P-K, carbohydrate-starch, energy-starch, and energy-carbohydrate. Correlations among soil samples were highly significant between Fe-Mn, total N-Mn, CaCO3-active lime, saturation-salt, organic matter-P2O, CaCO3-K2O, and active lime-K2O. In conclusion, there was a wide variation in traditionally grown einkorn and emmer grain and soils in the Western Black Sea Region. © IJSM 2021
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    Sensitivity of Bacteria Isolated from Fish to Some Medicinal Plants
    (Central Fisheries Research Inst, 2009) Turker, Hakan; Yildirim, Arzu Birinci; Karakas, Fatma Pehlivan
    Alcoholic and aqueous extracts from 22 species of herbs from Bolu (Turkey) were screened for antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri, Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis. Extracts with various solvent of Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea alba, Stachys annua, Genista lydia, Vinca minor. Fragaria vesca, Filipendula ulmaria, Helichrysum plicatum showed the highest inhibitory activity. The ethanolic extract of V. minor and the alcoholic and aqueous extract of N. lutea displayed a broad antibacterial spectrum against the tat-get organisms. The possible usage of herbs as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics is discussed.