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    Assessing thermal behaviors and kinetics of (co-)combustion of textile dyeing sludge and sugarcane bagasse
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Xie, Wenhao; Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Zhao, Yongjiu; Chang, Kenlin; Kuo, Jiahong; He, Yao; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih
    Thermogravimetric and mass spectrometric (TG-MS) experiments were carried out using textile dyeing sludge (TDS), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and their blends with different ratios. (Co-)combustion kinetic parameters of each sample were calculate by using TG-derivative curves. CO2, NOx, NH3 and SO2 emissions were also quantified. The addition of SB to TDS lowered SO2 but enhanced NOx, NH3 and CO2 emissions. Calculated activation energies (E) of the pure TDS and SB, and their blend (TB64) according to the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were on average in the range of 185.6-253.9 kJ.mol(-1), 152.9-235.9 kJ.mol(-1) and 111.1-161.8 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Based on the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method, E estimates of the pure TDS and SB, and the blend ranged from 183.1 to 251.0 kJ.mol(-1), 152.1 to 237.2 kJ.mol(-1) and 108.2 to 160.1 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Our results indicated that the blend E was affected by the interactions between TDS and SB. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    (Co-)pyrolytic performances and by-products of textile dyeing sludge and spent mushroom substrate
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Chang, Kenlin; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih
    The (co-)pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge and spent mushroom substrate was conducted to characterize their thermal behaviors and by-products. The devolatilization of textile dyeing sludge mainly occurred between 150 and 500 degrees C, while the decomposition of inorganic matter as well as the secondary cracking of coke and tar happened between 500 and 1000 degrees C. The addition of spent mushroom substrate increased the release rate at the devolatilization stage of textile dyeing sludge and their blends due to its higher volatiles content. The enhanced co-pyrolysis performance occurred mainly at the high temperature. The melting of inorganic matter was enhanced with the temperature rise but weakened with the addition of spent mushroom substrate. Sulfur mainly existed as sulfate in textile dyeing sludge and as organic sulfur in spent mushroom substrate. With the temperature rise, nitrogen-containing compounds formed more stable compounds. Spent mushroom substrate promoted the formation of nitrogen oxides by converting nitrogen to an inactive form. Sulfates were decomposed at high temperatures partially turning into sulfide. 30% spent mushroom substrate increased the relative sulfate content at 800 degrees C and fixed sulfur into inorganic compounds. The relative contents of aromatics, and nitrogen-containing compounds rose in the bio-oils, whereas alkanes fell with the elevated temperature. Spent mushroom substrate enhanced the formation of aromatics and reduced the yields of nitrogen-containing compounds, and acidic volatiles. The co-pyrolysis appeared to improve the bio-oil quality and the pyrolytic performance of textile dyeing sludge. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Combustion behaviors of spent mushroom substrate using TG-MS and TG-FTIR: thermal conversion, kinetic, thermodynamic and emission analyses
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Chen, Jiacong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih
    The present study systematically investigated the combustion characteristics of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) using TG-MS (thermogravimetric/mass spectrometry) and TG-FTIR (thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry) under five heating rates. The physicochemical characteristics and combustion index pointed to SMS as a promising biofuel for power generation. The high correlation coefficient of the fitting plots and similar activation energy calculated by various methods indicated that four suitable iso-conversional methods were used. The activation energy varied from 130.06 to 192.95 kJ/mol with a mean value of 171.49 kJ/ mol using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and decreased with the increased conversion degree. The most common emissions peaked at the range of 200-400 degrees C corresponding to volatile combustion stage, except for CO2, NO2 and NO. The peak CO2 emission occurred at 439.11 degrees C mainly due to the combustion of fixed carbon.
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    Flue gas-to-ash desulfurization of combustion of textile dyeing sludge: Its dependency on temperature, lignocellulosic residue, and CaO
    (Elsevier B.V., 2020) Huang, Jianli; Wu, Xieyuan; Liu, Jingyong; Chang, Kenlin; Evrendilek, Fatih; Liang, Guanjie
    Flue gas-to-ash controls on sulfur (S) species of the combustion of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) are pivotal in the achievement of circular and cleaner economies. This experimental study aimed to characterize S transformations in TDS as a function of temperature (600–1000 °C) and blend ratios of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and calcium oxide (CaO) through thermodynamic equilibrium simulations. The conversion ratio of S to flue gas from the mono-combustion of TDS rose by 29.7% between 600 and 1000 °C and was 92.9% at 1000 °C. The increasing sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission with the high temperature occurred from the decomposition of sulfates. The conversion of S to SO2 decreased significantly with an increase in SMS from 10 to 50% and enhanced the S distribution in fly ash. Potassium and phosphorous in SMS appeared to play a significant role in the conversion of S. The addition of CaO exhibited a good desulfurization performance, with the S content of ash peaking at 5.2% at 800 °C with 7% CaO. The desulfurization efficiency of CaO highly depended on the temperature and blend ratios. The addition of SMS facilitated the agglomeration to form large particles at 1000 °C and formed more micro pores on their surfaces. Our equilibrium simulations pointed to the important role of CaO-assisted co-combustion versus mono-combustion of TDS in the S retention as well as to the enhanced decomposition of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) by SMS. Chlorine had a better affinity toward potassium to promote the release of gaseous potassium chloride (KCl) which in turn appeared to react with SO2 in flue gas and formed sulfates through sulfation reaction.
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    Kinetics, thermodynamics, gas evolution and empirical optimization of (co-) combustion performances of spent mushroom substrate and textile dyeing sludge
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Kuo, Jiahong; Xie, Wuming; Zhang, Xiaochun; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih
    Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and textile dyeing sludge (TDS) were (co-)combusted in changing heating rates, blend ratios and temperature. The increased blend ratio improved the ignition, burnout and comprehensive combustion indices. A comparison of theoretical and experimental thermogravimetric curves pointed to significant interactions between 350 and 600 degrees C. High content of Fe2O3 in TDS ash may act as catalysis at a high temperature. Ignition activation energy was lower for TDS than SMS due to its low thermal stability. 40% SMS appeared to be the optimal blend ratio that significantly decreased the activation energy, as was verified by the response surface methodology. D3 model best described the (co-)combustions. SMS led to more NO and NO2 emissions at about 300 degrees C and less HCN emission than did TDS. The addition of 40% SMS to TDS lowered SO2 emission. The co-combustion of TDS and SMS appeared to enhance energy generation and emission reduction.
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    Thermal conversion behaviors and products of spent mushroom substrate in CO2 and N-2 atmospheres: Kinetic, thermodynamic, TG and Py-GC/MS analyses
    (Elsevier, 2019) Huang, Jianli; Zhang, Junhui; Liu, Jingyong; Xie, Wuming; Kuo, Jiahong; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih
    This study aims at characterizing pyrolysis/gasification behaviors and products of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in the CO2 and N-2 atmospheres. The major decomposition stages occurred between 200 and 600 degrees C with the mass losses of 60.4 and 61.5% at 20 degrees C/min in the CO2 and N-2 atmospheres, respectively. The maximum mass loss rate grew with the increased heating rate, while DTG curves shifted toward a higher temperature. Volatiles were released easier in the N-2 than CO2 atmosphere with a higher comprehensive devolatilization index and decomposition rate. At above 750 degrees C, the char gasification in the CO2 atmosphere resulted in a significant mass loss as well as a less char yield. Average activation energies by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were estimated at 212 and 214 kJ/mol in the CO2 and N-2 atmospheres, respectively. The higher thermodynamic parameters in the N-2 than CO2 atmosphere indicated the higher reactivity of the pyrolysis in the N-2 atmosphere. The reaction mechanisms of the volatiles decomposition were best described by g(alpha) = (1-alpha)(-1)-1 (R2 model) in the range of 200-370 degrees C in both atmospheres. The major pyrolysis products at 800 degrees C were identified using Py-GC/MS and composed mostly of aromatic compounds such as toluene and x-methyl-naphthalenes.