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Öğe Assessing thermal behaviors and kinetics of (co-)combustion of textile dyeing sludge and sugarcane bagasse(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2018) Xie, Wenhao; Huang, Jianli; Liu, Jingyong; Zhao, Yongjiu; Chang, Kenlin; Kuo, Jiahong; He, Yao; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihThermogravimetric and mass spectrometric (TG-MS) experiments were carried out using textile dyeing sludge (TDS), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and their blends with different ratios. (Co-)combustion kinetic parameters of each sample were calculate by using TG-derivative curves. CO2, NOx, NH3 and SO2 emissions were also quantified. The addition of SB to TDS lowered SO2 but enhanced NOx, NH3 and CO2 emissions. Calculated activation energies (E) of the pure TDS and SB, and their blend (TB64) according to the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were on average in the range of 185.6-253.9 kJ.mol(-1), 152.9-235.9 kJ.mol(-1) and 111.1-161.8 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Based on the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method, E estimates of the pure TDS and SB, and the blend ranged from 183.1 to 251.0 kJ.mol(-1), 152.1 to 237.2 kJ.mol(-1) and 108.2 to 160.1 kJ.mol(-1), respectively. Our results indicated that the blend E was affected by the interactions between TDS and SB. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Bottom slag-to-flue gas controls on S and Cl from co-combustion of textile dyeing sludge and waste biochar: Their interactions with temperature, atmosphere, and blend ratio(Elseiver, 2022) Huang, Hongyi; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Zhang, Gang; Sun, Shuiyu; He, YaoS and Cl distribution patterns and their evolution pathways were quantified during the co-combustions of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste biochar (BC). S in the flue gas rose from 10.60% at 700 degrees C to 45.09% at 1000 degrees C for the mono-combustion of TDS in the air atmosphere. At 1000 degrees C, S in the bottom slag and flue gas grew by 2.65% and fell by 2.11%, respectively, for the TDS mono-combustion in the 30%O2/70%CO2 atmosphere. The 40% BC addition increased the S retention in the bottom slag by 30.39% and decreased its release to the flue gas by 34.50% by changing the evolution of CaSO4 and enabling more K to fix S as K2SO4. The decomposition of inorganic Cl was the main source of the Cl-containing gases. The 20%O2/80%CO2 atmosphere (36.29%) and 40% BC addition (27.26%) had higher Cl in the bottom slag than did TDS mono-combusted at 1000 degrees C (25.60%) by inhibiting the decomposition of organic Cl. Our study provides insights into the co-combustion of TDS and BC and controls on S and Cl for a cleaner production. Future research remains to conducted to verify scale-up experiments.Öğe Co-circularity of spent coffee grounds and polyethylene via co-pyrolysis: Characteristics, kinetics, and products(Elsevier, 2023) Fu, Jiawei; Wu, Xijian; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Chen, Tao; Xie, Wuming; Xu, Weijie; He, YaoSpent coffee grounds (CG) and polyethylene (PE) are the two typical types of major solid wastes. Their co-pyrolysis may be leveraged to reduce their waste streams and pollution and valorize energy and by-products. In this study, their co-pyrolysis performances, interaction effects, kinetics, and products were characterized in response to the varying temperature and blend ratio. The co-pyrolysis exhibited the two main stages of (1) the degradation of CG (180-380 degrees C) and (2) the depolymerization of PE and the decomposition of lignin (380-550 degrees C). The pyrolysis performance rose from 1.34x10(-4)%(3)center dot min(-2)center dot degrees C-3 with the mono-pyrolysis of CG to 26.32x10(-4)%(3)center dot min(-2)center dot degrees C-3 with the co-pyrolysis of 10 % CG and 90 % PE. The co-pyrolysis of 70 % CG and 30 % PE (CP73) achieved a lower activation energy than did the mono-pyrolysis of the two fuels. The products of the CG pyrolysis included a large number of alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, and other oxygen-containing compounds, with a proportion as high as 65.01 %. The products of CP73 at 550 degrees C resulted in the yields of hydrocarbons and alcohols up to 93.61 %, beneficial to the further utilization of the co-pyrolytic products. Not only did the co-pyrolysis valorize its products, but also it enhanced their co-circularity. Artificial neural network-based joint optimization showed CP73 in the range of 517-1000 degrees C as the best combination of the conditions. The study provides new insights into the co-pyrolytic disposal of spent coffee grounds and polyethylene so as to improve the waste stream reduction and the valorization of energy and products.Öğe Co-combustion dynamics and products of textile dyeing sludge with waste rubber versus polyurethane tires of shared bikes(Elsevier Sci LTD, 2023) He, Yao; Chen, Xi; Tang, Xiaojie; Chen, Siqi; Evrendilek, Fatih; Chen, TaoThe co-combustions of major waste streams such as textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste tires of shared bikes may reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, as well as enhance their circular management and the recovery of their value-added products. In this study, the ash-to-gas products, interaction effects, and reaction mechanisms of the co-combustions of TDS and waste tires were characterized. The mono-combustions included the three stages of water evaporation, volatiles release, and mineral decomposition for TDS and the five stages for both rubber (RT) and polyurethane (PUT) tires. The three substages of the main stage of volatiles release for TDS had the activation energy of 124.5, 144.9, and 167.5 kJ/mol and were best explained by the reaction mechanism models of D3, D5, and F2, respectively. The (co-)combustion performance indices rose with the increased heating rate. The blend of 25% TDS with 75% RT (TR) and 75% PUT (TP) led to the best co-combustion performance according to comprehensive combustion index, with TP outperforming TR. The co-combustions of TP and TR reduced the activation energy required for the main devolatilization stage reaction. There was no significant difference in the main reaction mechanisms between the co-combustions. The interaction between TDS and waste tires reduced the applied energy required for the main devolatilization stage. The co-combustions at the low temperature produced O-H, CH4, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, carbonyl products, olefin products, and ketones. The cocombustions increased the production of C-H, reduced SO2 release and the viscosity of their ashes, promoted the complete combustion of substances, and alleviated the scale and sintering issues regardless of TP versus TR and caused the early release of NO from TP. According to the thermodynamic equilibrium simulations, the TR cocombustion promoted the retentions of Ca, S, Si, and Fe, in particular, the fixation of S. The addition of PUT enhanced the combination of Ca and Si into CaSiO3. The optimization based on the artificial neural networks pointed to the temperature range of 400-800 oC and the TR co-combustion as the optimal operational conditions.Öğe Co-combustion of sewage sludge and coffee grounds under increased O-2/CO2 atmospheres: Thermodynamic characteristics, kinetics and artificial neural network modeling(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Chen, Jiacong; Xie, Candie; Liu, Jingyong; He, Yao; Xie, Wuming; Zhang, Xiaochun; Chang, Kenlin; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, Fatih(Co-)combustion characteristics of sewage sludge (SS), coffee grounds (CG) and their blends were quantified under increased O-2/CO2 atmosphere (21, 30, 40 and 60%) using a thermogravimetric analysis. Observed percentages of CG mass loss and its maximum were higher than those of SS. Under the same atmospheric O-2 concentration, both higher ignition and lower burnout temperatures occurred with the increased CG content. Results showed that ignition temperature and comprehensive combustion index for the blend of 60% SS-40% CG increased, whereas burnout temperature and co-combustion time decreased with the increased O-2 concentration. Artificial neural network was applied to predict mass loss percent as a function of gas mixing ratio, heating rate, and temperature, with a good agreement between the experimental and ANN-predicted values. Activation energy in response to the increased O-2 concentration was found to increase from 218.91 to 347.32 kJ.mol(-1) and from 218.34 to 340.08 kJ.mol(-1) according to the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa methods, respectively.Öğe Co-combustion, life-cycle circularity, and artificial intelligence-based multi-objective optimization of two plastics and textile dyeing sludge(ELSEVIER, 2022) Ding, Ziyi; Chen, Zihong; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; He, Yao; Xie, WumingGiven the globally abundant availability of waste plastics and the negative environmental impacts of textile dyeing sludge (TDS), their co-combustion can effectively enhance the circular economies, energy recovery, and environmental pollution control. The (co-)combustion performances, gas emissions, and ashes of TDS and two plastics of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) were quantified and characterized. The increased blend ratio of PP and PE improved the ignition, burnout, and comprehensive combustion indices. The two plastics interacted with TDS significantly in the range of 200-600 degrees C. TDS pre-ignited the combustion of the plastics which in turn promoted the combustion of TDS. The co-combustions released more CO2 but less CH4, C-H, and C--O as CO2 was less persistent than the others in the atmosphere. The Ca-based minerals in the plastics enhanced S-fixation and reduced SO2 emission. The activation energy of the co-combustion fell from 126.78 to 111.85 kJ/mol and 133.71-79.91 kJ/mol when the PE and PP additions rose from 10% to 50%, respectively. The co-combustion reaction mechanism was best described by the model of f(alpha) = (1-alpha)n. The reaction order was reduced with the additions of the plastics. The co-combustion operation interactions were optimized via an artificial neural network so as to jointly meet the multiple objectives of maximum energy production and minimum emissions.Öğe Co-pyrolysis performances, synergistic mechanisms, and products of textile dyeing sludge and medical plastic wastes(Elsevier, 2021) Ding, Ziyi; Liu, Jingyong; Chen, Huashan; Huang, Shengzheng; Evrendilek, Fatih; He, YaoThis study aimed to quantify the co-pyrolysis of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and the two medical plastic wastes of syringes (SY) and medical bottles (MB) in terms of their performances, synergistic mechanisms, and products. The pyrolysis of polyolefin plastics with its high calorific value and low ash content can offset the poor monopyrolytic performance of TDS. The synergistic mechanisms occurred mainly in the range of 400-550 degrees C. The addition of 10% SY or MB achieved the best co-pyrolysis performance with the lowest activation energy. The co-pyrolysis increased the contents of CH4 and C-H but reduced CO2 emission. The co-pyrolysis released more fatty hydrocarbons, alcohols, and cyclic hydrocarbon during but reduced the yields of ethers and furans, through the synergistic mechanisms. The addition of the polyolefin plastics made the micro surface particles of chars smaller and looser. Our results can benefit energy utilization, pollution control, and optimal operational conditions for the industrial thermochemical conversions of hazardous wastes. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Co-pyrolytic mechanisms, kinetics, emissions and products of biomass and sewage sludge in N-2, CO2 and mixed atmospheres(Elsevier Science Sa, 2020) Chen, Jiacong; Zhang, Junhui; Liu, Jingyong; He, Yao; Evrendilek, Fatih; Büyükada, Musa; Xie, WumingThe co-pyrolysis technology of the second-generation feedstocks has both engineering and environmental advantages towards resource recovery, waste stream reduction, and energy generation. However, there exists a large knowledge gap about the co-pyrolytic mechanisms, kinetics, emissions and products of biomass wastes. This study aimed to quantify the co-pyrolytic interactions between the five (N-2, CO2, and three mixed) atmospheres and the two feedstocks of sewage sludge (SS) and coffee grounds (CG) as well as their emissions and products. Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses were combined. An eight-parallel distributed activation energy model was adopted to elucidate the dynamic reaction mechanisms in the co-pyrolytic atmospheres. The co-pyrolytic interaction changed the maximum weight loss rate of the first peak by -2.5 to 38.6% and -1.9 to 36.9% in the N-2 and CO2 atmospheres, respectively. The mass loss rate peak in the first stage was higher in the N-2 than CO2 and mixed atmospheres, while the peak temperature of the maximum mass loss rate in the second stage declined with the elevated CO2 concentration. The replacement of N-2 with the different CO2 concentrations significantly increased the activation energies of the 5th and 7th pseudo-components. The temperature dependency of evolved gases was of the following order: ethers/esters -> acids/ketones/aldehydes/CO2 -> hydrocarbons in the N-2 atmosphere, and acids/ketones/aldehydes -> esters/ethers -> hydrocarbons in the CO2 atmosphere. The co-pyrolysis improved the yields of the hydrocarbon and phenol-type compounds and reduced the formations of the acid and nitrogenous compounds. Our results yielded valuable insights into a cleaner co-pyrolysis process.Öğe Co-pyrolytic performances, mechanisms, gases, oils, and chars of textile dyeing sludge and waste shared bike tires under varying conditions(Elsevier Science Sa, 2022) Tang, Xiaojie; Chen, Xi; He, Yao; Evrendilek, Fatih; Chen, Zhiyun; Liu, JingyongThe massive industrial wastes of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste shared bike tires are becoming increasingly problematic environmentally and economically. Their co-pyrolysis maybe an affordable and ecofriendlier alternative so as to reduce their waste volumes and emissions, as well as recover value-added oils and chars. This study was the first to characterize the TDS co-pyrolysis with rubber (RT) versus polyurethane (PUT) tires and their performances, mechanisms, emissions, oils, and chars as a function of temperature and blend type and ratio. The co-pyrolysis increased the total weight loss from 51.76% with TDS to 55.30% with 50% TDS and 50% RT (TR55) and to 68.92% with TP55. TR55 and TP55 yielded the best performances, with the stronger synergistic effect with the TP than TR co-pyrolysis. The optimal reaction models were second-order (F2) and five-dimension diffusion (D5) for the two devolatilization sub-stages for TDS, two thirds-order (F1.5) for the TR55 and the second and fourth sub-stages of the TP55, and F2 for the first and third sub-stages of the TP55. The co-pyrolysis reduced emissions of CO, SO2, and nitrous compounds, did not change their temperature dependency, and produced more hydrocarbon products. The TR co-pyrolysis produced more D-limonene and isoprene and inhibited the isomerization of D-limonene. The TP co-pyrolysis further decomposed diaminodiphenylmethane into low-molecular weight benzene series such as toluene and styrene. The co-pyrolytic chars had higher branching degree of aliphatic side chain and bridge bond, with the TP ones having the enhanced char aromaticity.Öğe Combustion parameters, evolved gases, reaction mechanisms, and ash mineral behaviors of durian shells: A comprehensive characterization and joint-optimization(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Liu, Hui; Liu, Jingyong; Huang, Hongyi; Evrendilek, Fatih; He, Yao; Büyükada, MusaIn this work, the characteristic parameters, evolved gases, reaction mechanisms, and ash conversions of the durian shell (DS) combustion were quantified coupling thermogravimetry, mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectra analyses. The main stage of the DS combustion occurred between 130.2 and 481.9 degrees C. Its activation energy value estimated by the three model-free methods ranged from 192.82 to 213.24 kJ/mol. The average enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy changes were in the ranges of 177.74-178.47 kJ/mol, 32.00-34.25 J/(mol.K), and 200.79-207.74 kJ/mol, respectively. The third-order (F3) model best described its most likely reaction mechanism. The main evolved gas was CO2, with no SO2 emission. The ash from the DS combustion belonged to K-type ash. 618 degrees C and 8 K/min were determined as the optimal operation conditions to jointly optimize the multiple targets of the combustion responses.Öğe Comparative (co-)pyrolytic performances and by-products of textile dyeing sludge and cattle manure: Deeper insights from Py-GC/MS, TG-FTIR, 2D-COS and PCA analyses(Elsevier, 2021) Zhang, Junhui; Zou, Huihuang; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Xie, Wuming; He, Yao; Büyükada, MusaNot only does pyrolysis recover energy and value-added by-products but also reduces waste stream volume. The low volatiles and high ash contents of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) limit its mono-pyrolysis performance. This study aimed to conduct an in-depth analysis of its co-pyrolytic performance with cattle manure (CM). The co-pyrolysis enhanced the volatiles emission from the early devolatilization stage whose reaction mechanism shifted from a diffusion model to a reaction-order model. The further cracking of macromolecular materials was mainly elucidated by the reaction-order model. The temperature dependency of the co-pyrolytic gases was of the following order: aliphatic hydrocarbons > CO2 > alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. The main co-pyrolytic volatile products were coumaran and 4-vinylguaiacol. The relative content of guaiacol-type components could be enhanced by co-pyrolysis and lowering the operational temperature to 450 degrees C. The interaction of co-pyrolysis enriched the char aromaticity. Our findings provide practical insights into the control and application opportunities and limitations on the high value-added energy and products from the co pyrolysis of TDS and CM.Öğe Evaluation of reaction mechanisms and emissions of oily sludge and coal co-combustions in O-2/CO2 and O-2/N-2 atmospheres(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2021) Zou, Huihuang; Liu, Chao; Evrendilek, Fatih; He, Yao; Liu, JingyongOxy-fuel combustion technology presents promising potential for the thermal disposal of hazardous waste to alleviate the global greenhouse effect on the environment and human well-being. In this study, the co-combustion reaction mechanisms and cleaner and efficient performances of oily sludge (OS) and coal in the oxy-fuel (O-2/CO2) and air (O-2/N-2) atmospheres were characterized. With O-2 concentration of 21% and at 20 degrees C/min, the ignition and burnout temperatures of the OS combustion were slightly worse in the oxy-fuel (403 and 531 degrees C) than air (407 and 535 degrees C) atmosphere. The rising O-2 concentration increased the comprehensive combustion characteristic index from 1.11 x 10(-7) to 4.29 x 10(-7) in the air atmosphere and 1.02 x 10(-7) to 4.10 x 10(-7) in the oxy-fuel atmosphere. Based on the master-plots method, the three combustion stages of light oil, heavy oil, and fixed carbon were best described by the three-dimensional diffusion, interfacial reaction, and random nucleation growth models, respectively. The reaction mechanisms were independent of heating rate, O-2 concentration, and atmosphere type. The co-combustion interaction between 70% OS and 30% coal reduced NO and SO2 emissions. Our findings can provide new insights into achieving their cleaner and more efficient co-combustion performance and its operational optimization. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe The mixture of sewage sludge and biomass waste as solid biofuels: Process characteristic and environmental implication(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Chen, Jiacong; He, Yao; Liu, Jingyong; Liu, Chao; Xie, Wuming; Büyükada, Musa; Evrendilek, FatihOxy-fuel and air atmospheres were used to (co-)combust sewage sludge (SS) and biomass waste, coffee ground residues (CG) via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combustion behavior of SS did not differ significantly in both atmospheres. The replacement of 79%N-2 by 79%CO2 significantly influenced the char combustion of CG. Synergistic effect of the blends in the oxy-fuel was weaker than air condition. Activation energy of the co-combustion in the second stage was lower in the oxy-fuel than air atmosphere. The gaseous emissions during blend fuel combustion were investigated by online mass spectrometry (MS). Results show that the gas emissions of different fuels show different stage characteristics. CH3, H2O, C2H2 and NO emissions peaked from the volatiles combustion of CG, while the co-combustion led to SO2 increment. Besides, the composition of the solid residues was examined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), and their impact on environment was evaluated. The compositions of the solid residues pointed to the ability of SS to lower the fouling and slagging risks of CG. This investigation aimed to afford a fully understanding for the co-combustion progress of SS and CG under air and oxy-fuel environments and its implication for environment. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Optimizing co-combustion synergy of soil remediation biomass and pulverized coal toward energetic and gas-to-ash pollution controls(Elsevier, 2023) Chen, Zhibin; Chen, Zhiliang; Liu, Jingyong; Zhuang, Ping; Evrendilek, Fatih; Huang, Shengzheng; Chen, Tao; Xie, Wuming; He, Yao; Sun, ShuiyuThe co-combustion synergy of post-phytoremediation biomass may be optimized to cultivate a variety of benefits from re ducing dependence on fossil fuels to stabilizing heavy metals in a small quantity of ash. This study characterized the thermo kinetic parameters, gas-to-ash products, and energetically and environmentally optimal conditions for the co-combustions of aboveground (PG-A) and belowground (PG-B) biomass of Pfaffia glomerata (PG) with pulverized coal (PC). The mono combustions of PG-A and PG-B involved the decompositions of cellulose and hemicellulose in the range of 162–400 °C and of lignin in the range of 400–600 °C. PG improved the combustion performance of PC, with the blends of 30 % PG A and 70 % (PAC37) and 10 % PG-B and 90 % PC (PBC19) exhibiting the strongest synergy. Both PG-A and PG-B interacted with PC in the range of 160–440 °C, while PC positively affected PG in the range of 440–600 °C. PC decreased the apparent activation energy (Eα) of PG, with PBC19 having the lowest Eα value (107.85 kJ/mol). The reaction order models (Fn) best elucidated the co-combustion mechanisms of the main stages. Adding >50 % PC reduced the alkali metal content of PG, prevented the slagging and fouling depositions, and mitigated the Cd and Zn leaching toxicity. The functional groups, vol atiles, and N- and S-containing gases fell with PAC37 and PBC19, while CO2 emission rose. Energetically and environmen tally multiple objectives for the operational conditions were optimized via artificial neural networks. Our study presents controls over the co-circularity and co-combustion of the soil remediation plant and coalÖğe Technical and environmental feasibility of gas-solid decontamination by oxygen-enriched co-combustion of textile dyeing sludge and durian shell(Elsevier Sci LTD, 2022) Liu, Hui; Liu, Jingyong; Huang, Hongyi; Wen, Yixing; Evrendilek, Fatih; Ren, Mingzhong; He, YaoThe urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions entails a cleaner waste treatment technology. The oxy-fuel co-combustion can recover energy and reduce the waste stream. This study aims to fill the knowledge gaps about the impacts of atmosphere type, blend ratio, oxygen concentration, and their interactions on the co-combustion behaviors and products of durian shell (DS) and textile dyeing sludge (TDS). The higher oxygen concentration reduced the reaction temperature, advanced the inhibition temperature, and promoted the decomposition rate with no significant effect on the residual mass. The N2 atmosphere resulted in a better co-combustion performance than did the CO2 one. The increased addition of DS improved the co-combustion performance. At the same oxygen concentration, the maximum absorption intensity of CO was higher in the N2/O2 than CO2/O2 atmosphere. Similarly, the maximum absorption intensities of C-O(H) and C=O were higher in the CO2/O2 than N2/O2 atmosphere. The co-combustion did not increase the issues of slagging and scaling. The main components of DS, TDS, and their blend ash with 50% DS and 50% TDS included MgO, Fe2O3, and Fe2O3, respectively.Öğe Turning the co-combustion synergy of textile dyeing sludge and waste biochar into emission-to-bottom slag pollution controls toward a circular economy(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Huang, Hongyi; Liu, Jingyong; Liu, Hui; Evrendilek, Fatih; Zhang, Gang; He, YaoThe co-combustion performance of textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste biochar (BC) was explored in terms of their decomposition behaviors, gas emission patterns, bottom slag characteristics, and elemental transformations. The decompositions of both TDS and BC were divided into four stages, with the largest heat release from the fixed carbon combustion. Their synergy effect occurred in the range of 530-700 degrees C. The average activation energy was 172.13 kJ/mol for TDS, 250.31 kJ/mol for BC, and lowest (169.41 kJ/mol) for 60TDS40BC (60% TDS and 40% BC). The 40% BC addition decreased total SO2 emission by 70.79% but increased total NO emission by 19.43% when compared to the TDS mono-combustion at 1000 degrees C. The 40% BC addition inhibited the formations of sulfoxide, sulfone/sulfonic acid, and amine nitrogen, as well as the decomposition of sulfate but promoted the decomposition of pyridinic nitrogen. The main mineral phases of the bottom slags at 700 degrees C included Fe2O3 and CaSO4 for TDS, while that for 60TDS40BC was CaSO4, NaCl, and K5Al5Si3O16. Our results provide new ideas for the resource utilization and pollution control of TDS and BC, make the disposal of TDS cleaner and more efficient, and help to promote the sustainable development of the environment.
