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    Nass use and associated factors among outpatients in northern Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study in Andkhoy City
    (European Publishing, 2018) Hamrah, Mohammad Hasssan; Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib; Hamrah, Mohammad Hussain; Dahi, Toba; Fotouhi, Akbar
    INTRODUCTION Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Nass is a form of smokeless tobacco. It is used most commonly in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran, and is significantly associated with oral and oesophageal cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nass use and its associated factors among patients attending an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed in an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan, from April to July 2017. The study included 387 consecutive patients. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, which includes three main items: demographic, physical, and biomedical measurements. We performed binary logistic regression to identify independent risk factors of nass use. RESULTS The study included 387 participants, of whom 225 were males (58.1%) and 162 were females (41.9%). The overall prevalence of nass use was 48.8% (95% CI: 43.8-53.9%), with the Turkmen ethnic group having significantly higher prevalence than other ethnic groups (58.2%, 95% CI: 50.8-65.3% vs 41.8%, 95% CI: 34.7-49.2%). The mean and standard deviation of the age was 63.9 (17.2) years for nass users and 42.3 (17.4) years for non-users. Based on a multivariate analysis, family history of nass use (OR= 31.4, 95% CI: 12.5-78.5), illiteracy (OR= 8.9, 95% CI: 2.5-31.2), rural residence (OR= 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0-3.9), and unemployment (OR= 5.4, 95% CI: 1.4-21.4) were associated with nass use. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that about half of the participants were nass users, and nass use associated factors were family history of nass use, illiteracy, unemployment, and rural residency in outpatient clinics in Afghanistan. More surveillance data are needed on a national level to inform the development of strategies for the prevention and control of nass consumption in Afghanistan.