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Öğe Applications of carbon nanomaterials in the plant system: A perspective view on the pros and cons(Elsevier, 2019) Verma, Sandeep Kumar; Das, Ashok Kumar; Gantait, Saikat; Kumar, Vinay; Gürel, EkremWith the remarkable development in the field of nanotechnology, carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) have been widely used for numerous applications in different areas of the plant system. The current understanding about the CNMs' accumulation, translocation, plant growth responses, and stress modulations in the plant system is far from complete. There have been relentless efforts by the researchers worldwide in order to acquire newer insights into the plant-CNMs interactions and the consequences. The present review intends to update the reader with the status of the impacts of the different CNMs on plant growth. Research reports from the plant biotechnologists have documented mixed effects (which are dependent on CNMs' concentration) of the CNMs' exposure on plants ranging from enhanced crop yield to acute cytotoxicity. The growth and yield pattern vary from species to species and are dependent on the dosage of the CNMs applied. Studies found an increase in vegetative growth and yield of fruit/seed at lower concentration of CNMs, but a decrease in these observables were also noted when higher concentrations of CNMs were used. In general, at lower concentrations, CNMs were found to be effective in enhancing (water uptake, water transport, seed germination, nitrogenase, photosystemand antioxidant activities), activating (water channels proteins) and promoting (nutrition absorption); all these change when concentrations are raised. All these aspects have been reviewed thoroughly in this article, with a focus on the recent updates on the role of the CNMs in augmenting or retarding plant growth. Sections have been devoted to the various features of the CNMs and their roles in inducing plant growth, phytotoxic responses of the plants and overall crop improvement. Concluding remarks have been added to propose future directions of research on the CNMs-plant interactions and also to sound a warning on the use of CNMs in agriculture. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Enhanced growth and cardenolides production in Digitalis purpurea under the influence of different LED exposures in the plant factory(Nature Publishing Group, 2018) Verma, Sandeep Kumar; Gantait, Saikat; Jeong, Byoung Ryong; Hwang, Seung JaeIn this report, we have investigated the influence of different light qualities on Digitalis purpurea under a controlled environment. For this purpose, red (R), blue (B), fluorescent lamp (FL, control), along with combined red and blue (R: B) LEDs were used. Interestingly, the plant growth parameters such as number of leaf, longest root, width of leaf, width of stomata, width of trichome, leaf area, leaf or root fresh weight (FW), weight (DW) as well as length of trichome were maximum under R:B (8:2), and significantly larger than control plants. The stomatal conductance or anthocyanin was maximum under B LED than those under FL, however the photosynthesis rate was greater under FL. RuBisCO activity was maximum under R:B (1:1) LEDs while the quantity of the UV absorbing substances was highest under R LED than under FL. The maximum amount of cardenolides were obtained from leaf tissue under R:B (2:8) LED than those under FL. The R:B LEDs light was suitable for Digitalis plant growth, development, micro- and macro-elements, as well as cardenolides accumulation in the plant factory system. The adaptation of the growth strategy developed in this study would be useful for the production of optimized secondary metabolites in Digitalis spp.Öğe Enhanced somatic embryogenesis, plant regeneration and total phenolic content estimation in Lycium barbarum L.: a highly nutritive and medicinal plant(Springer, 2022) Verma, Sandeep Kumar; Gantait, Saikat; Mukherjee, Epsita; Gurel, EkremLycium barbarum (Solanaceae), commonly known as Goji (or wolfberry), is popular for its nutritive and medicinal properties and is called a “super fruit” or “super food”. Considering the importance of the economic utility, the potential of different explants (hypocotyl, leaf and root) of L. barbarum for plant regeneration and somatic embryogenesis has been evaluated in the present study. Two sets of experiments were carried out; the first compared Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), N6-benzylaminopurine, thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin, and zeatin alone, while the second set tested the combinations of TDZ with 2,4-D to induce callus and subsequent shoot or embryo formation, respectively. For callus and subsequent shoot induction (for the first set of the experiment), 2,4-D was the most effective for callus induction (100%), while TDZ at 1 mg/L produced a mean of 5 shoots per callus. For the second set of experiment spontaneous induction of somatic embryos as well as subsequent maximum shoot regeneration was recorded in 0.25 mg/L 2,4-D+ 1 mg/L TDZ supplemented MS medium. Hypocotyl explant proved to be the most responsive organ that induced as many as 6 somatic embryos and subsequent 9 regenerated shoots per callus. Later, the plantlets were successfully acclimatized (100%) and finally transferred to the greenhouse. Total phenolic content was measured from shoot, brown callus and white callus of L. barbarum L. grown in MS medium supplemented with auxin alone (for callus) and auxin-cytokinin (for shoots). The highest amount of total phenolic content (640 mg GAE/g DW) was obtained in the shoot. The described protocol provides a simple way to regenerate plants through direct and indirect organogenesis as well as somatic embryogenesis, which would be useful for mass propagation, large-scale production of secondary metabolites, germplasm conservation, and genetic transformation studies in this medicinally important species. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Korean Society of Crop Science (KSCS).Öğe Influence of auxin and its polar transport inhibitor on the development of somatic embryos in Digitalis trojana(Springer Heidelberg, 2018) Verma, Sandeep Kumar; Das, Ashok Kumar; Gantait, Saikat; Gürel, Songül; Gürel, EkremThe present study reports the role of auxin and its transport inhibitor during the establishment of an efficient and optimized protocol for the somatic embryogenesis in Digitalis trojana Ivan. Hypocotyl segments (5 mm long) were placed vertically in the Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with three sets [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) alone or 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) alone or IAA-TIBA combination] of formulations of plant growth regulators, to assess their differential influence on induction and proliferation of somatic embryos (SEs). IAA alone was found to be the most effective, at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l, inducing similar to 10 SEs per explant with 52% induction frequency. On the other hand, the combination of 0.5 mg/l of IAA and 1 mg/l of TIBA produced significantly fewer (similar to 3.6 SEs) and abnormal (enlarged, oblong, jar and cup-shaped) SEs per explant with 24% induction frequency in comparison to that in the IAA alone. The explants treated with IAA-TIBA exhibited a delayed response along with the formation of abnormal SEs. Our study revealed that IAA induces high-frequency SE formation when used singly, but the frequency gradually declines when IAA was coupled with increasing levels of TIBA. Eventually, our findings bring new insights into the roles of auxin and its polar transport in somatic embryogenesis of D. trojana.Öğe The retrospect and prospect of the applications of biotechnology in Phoenix dactylifera L.(Springer, 2018) Gantait, Saikat; El-Dawayati, Maiada M.; Panigrahi, Jitendriya; Labrooy, Catherine; Verma, Sandeep KumarDate palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the most important fruit trees that contribute a major part to the economy of Middle East and North African countries. It is quintessentially called "tree of life" owing to its resilience to adverse climatic conditions, along with manifold nutritional-cum-medicinal attributes that comes from its fruits and other plant parts. Being a tree with such immense utility, it has gained substantial attention of tree breeders for its genetic advancement via in vitro biotechnological interventions. Herein, an extensive review of biotechnological research advances in date palm has been consolidated as one of the major research achievements during the past two decades. This article compares the different biotechnological techniques used in this species such as: tissue and organ culture, bioreactor-mediated large-scale propagation, cell suspension culture, embryogenic culture, protoplast culture, conservation (for short- and long-term) of germplasms, in vitro mutagenesis, in vitro selection against biotic and abiotic stresses, secondary metabolite production in vitro, and genetic transformation. This review provides an insight on crop improvement and breeding programs for improved yield and quality fruits; besides, it would undeniably facilitate the tissue culture-based research on date palm for accelerated propagation and enhanced production of quality planting materials, along with conservation and exchange of germplasms, and genetic engineering. In addition, the unexplored research methodologies and major bottlenecks identified in this review should be contemplated on in near future.Öğe Transgenic ornamentals for phytoremediation of metals and metalloids(Academic Press Ltd-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2019) Gantait, Saikat; Panigrahi, Jitendriya; Verma, Sandeep KumarEnvironmental pollution is one of the major hazards to human beings. For practical reasons it is unfeasible to prevent most of the anthropogenic activities accountable for environmental pollution; preferably we need to eradicate the pollutants, specifically via phytoremediation using plants to remove toxic wastes. Since phytoremediation offers a permanent in situ solution to the affected area, environmentalists and governments give immense attention towards the development of bioremediation tools. Ornamentals, especially flower species, are apposite to genetic modification. As the end product is not edible, it does not require food safety analyses, eliminating key complications for commercialization and cutting the cost of production. The present scenario is to transgenetically induce ornamental species that can tolerate, take up, translocate, phytostabilize, phytovolatilize the organic compounds and heavy metal ions. The aim of the present discourse is to provide insight into the mechanism behind the development of novel flowering and/or potted ornamental plants as well as to analyze the factors influencing the efficiency and rate of pollutant removal by plants.
