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Öğe Alternaria alternata causing inner black rot of lemon (Citrus limon) fruits in Turkey: Genetic diversity and characterisation(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Güney, İnci Güler; Tekin, Fatih; Günen, Tacettin Utku; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, SibelThe market sales of symptomless lemons in 2020 revealed a persistent and severe internal black rot with browning of the membrane wall and juice sac. To investigate the causal agent, externally symptom-free lemons from Mediterranean locations were sampled from supermarkets, local markets, and bazaars in three southeastern Turkish provinces. Internal black rot symptoms were observed in 13.69% of the 1300 externally symptomless fruits, and Alternaria was isolated from 96.63% of those exhibiting these symptoms. Morphological analysis confirmed the identity of Alternaria alternata in 26 representative isolates collected from various markets and bazaars. To examine genetic diversity or polymorphisms, start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used. Species identification was based on the sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF 1-alpha), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). SCoT 29 exhibited the highest amount of polymorphic amplicons, with 18 polymorphic bands scored when compared to the other six scoreable markers. The 26 representative isolates from various markets and bazaars were divided into four clades by SCoT 29. However, multilocus sequence analyses confirmed the identification of a single species, A. alternata. In terms of virulence and the impact of temperature on growth, representative isolates from four SCoT clusters were evaluated. Data suggests that SCoT markers can be used to evaluate virulence-based polymorphism in A. alternata; nonetheless, all clades showed comparable temperature responses, with 25 degrees C being the optimum. There was also no association between individual morphotypes and SCoT clade membership. Due to the lack of obvious signs on lemon fruits, producers, merchants, and consumers are unable to identify black rot, and the widespread presence of A. alternata in lemons may pose a significant risk that must be avoided at all costs.Öğe Canker and leaf scorch on olive (Olea europaea L.) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey(Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, SibelIn a recent survey of olive groves in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey, a new and serious decline of olive trees, beginning with foliar scorching and then dieback of twigs, branches, and even whole trees, was observed for the first time. In more advanced stages of the disease, necrosis and cankers were observed on the bark of the trunk, branches, and twigs. Isolations from symptomatic tissues from multiple cultivars in diverse locations yielded Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, which were identified using ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci of genomic DNA, in combination with morphological data. In vitro studies showed that conidial germination, hyphal growth, and pycnidia formation of the pathogen were positively correlated with elevated temperatures. Wild type olive Delice, Edincik Su, and Memecik seemed like the most resistant cultivars on which disease severity values were the lowest among 14 screened olive cultivars in two experimental orchards under natural conditions. Pathogenicity tests showed that Gemlik was the most susceptible cultivar showing the largest cankers and extensive scorch lesions. Isolates caused canker but not leaf scorch on O. europaea cultivars Arbequina Halhall, Manzanilla, Nizip Yafglik, and Saurani. Neoscytalidium isolates are likely to have a negative impact on the health of diverse olive groves, which are primarily confined to Mediterranean-type climatic regions. These findings suggest an increased risk of infection in environments with increasing temperatures, as is common in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. The information gathered in this study will be used to examine the disease's epidemiology and establish disease control initiatives. This is also the first report of N. dimidiatum infecting O . europaea in the world.Öğe First report of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt on lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) in Turkey(Springer, 2021) Özer, Göksel; Güney, İnci Güler; Günen, Tacettin Utku; Koşar, İslim; Derviş, SibelIn the summer of 2020, wilt symptoms were observed in two-year-old lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) plants of cv. Sevtopolis in a lavender field (36°42ʹ N; 38°58ʹ E, 410 m above sea level) with an area of 2 ha located in Koruklu neighbourhood of Akçatepe district in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey, with up to 10% incidence. The affected plants showed brown discoloration in vascular tissues of stems and roots, stunting, wilting of leaves, and eventually died. Tissue taken from 15 symptomatic roots and stems consistently yielded Fusarium-like colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were initially white, but with age, became pale orange in PDA. Microconidia formed on short monophialides were hyaline, mostly unicellular, oval- to kidney-shaped, and measured 6.5 to 12.9 × 3.0 to 5.6 (average 9.6 × 4.2) µm. Macroconidia were hyaline, fusiform, measured 23.5 to 33.2 × 3.6 to 6.7 (average 27.5 × 4.8) µm with typically 3 to 4 septa and foot-shaped basal cells. The mycelia also produced globose to subglobose, spherical and intercalary or terminal chlamydospores.Öğe First report of leaf blight of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey(Springer, 2022) Alkan, Mehtap; Özer, Göksel; Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, SibelIn July 2020, a leaf blight disease with intense defoliation on Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) plants was observed in a pilot experiment field in Akçakale and a commercial field in Haliliye with an incidence of 5.4 and 11.7%, respectively, in Şanlıurfa province. After a surface-sterilization for 1 min with 1% NaOCl, isolations from symptomatic tissues of six affected plants for each field consistently yielded a fungus with the same colony morphology on potato dextrose agar. Cultures were powdery with a thick aerial mycelium, initially white that changed from olive green to black within 10 days. All 12 isolates, each obtained from a different plant, produced dark-brown, thick-walled, cylindrical to oblong, zero to one-septa, and 9.7 × 4.6 μm (n=30) arthroconidia, both singly and in arthric chainsÖğe First report of Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot on common sage (Salvia officinalis) in Turkey(SPRINGER, 2021) Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, Sibel; Kırlı, Onur; Özer, GökselCommon sage (Salvia ofcinalis L.) is a perennial herb or sub-shrub native to the eastern Mediterranean. In July 2020, symptoms of chlorosis, wilting, and root rot appeared in 25% of two-year-old S. ofcinalis cv. Elif plants in two felds (N 36°53'42.457'', E 38°55'34.777''; N 36°53'27.236'', E 38°55'38.618'') in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Abundant black microsclerotia were observed on cortex and in vascular tissues of the symptomatic roots of plants sampled. Fungal colonies with similar cultural characteristics were consistently isolated from fragments of infected tissues on potato dextrose agar after superfcially disinfection and incubation for 5 days in the dark at 26 °C. Mp-So01 and Mp-So02 isolates representing the two felds were identifed as Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.Öğe First report of Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) in Turkey(Springer, 2022) Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Üner, Senem Ece; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, SibelLemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is native to the Eastern Mediterranean region and Western Asia and is a well-known medicinal plant of Lamiaceae due to its valuable aqueous and alcoholic extracts (De Sousa et al. 2004). In the summer of 2021, wilting and root rot were observed on about 20% of two-year-old M. officinalis cv. Melis plants in a field of Koruklu village, Akçatepe district of Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Roots of symptomatic plants were collected and dissected into small pieces (5 mm), surface-sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile water, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fast-growing and fluffy dark grey fungal colonies consistently emerged from the segments after incubation at 26 °C in the dark for 5 days and had abundant microsclerotia, which were dark, smooth, oblong-shaped, and measured 123 μm × 82 μm (n = 50).Öğe First report of needle blight of blue spruce (Picea pungens) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey(Springer, 2023) Derviş, Sibel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Güney, İnci Güler; Alkan, Mehtap; Özer, GökselThe blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) is an exotic conifer species widely used for decorative purposes in landscaping and private gardens. In 2020, 60% of forty blue spruce trees between 20 and 25 years old planted in front of buildings in Kavaklıdere, Ankara, displayed needle blight symptoms. Needles on the lower and interior crown closest to the trunk were infected from the bottoms of branches. They showed a brown-colored or burned appearance before dropping off, starting from their tips, resulting in up to a 65% reduction of the canopy.Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum associated with dieback and canker of common fig (Ficus carica L.) in Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Güney, İnci Güler; Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, SibelIn 2020, a canker disease with dieback of branches and decline of various fig trees in Sanliurfa and Mardin provinces of Turkey was observed. The causal pathogen was identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci. Koch's postulates were confirmed by successful re-isolation of N. dimidiatum only from plants inoculated with the pathogen. This is the first report of N. dimidiatum associated with dieback and canker of common fig in Turkey.Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing blight of Melissa officinalis in Turkey(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2022) Özer, Göksel; Günen, Tacettin Utku; Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, SibelIn July 2020, a blight disease on lemon balm plants was observed with an incidence of up to 10% in three fields in Sanliurfa province, Turkey. The causal agent was identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum based on macro- and micro-morphological features of the colonies and sequencing of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Re-isolation of N. dimidiatum from lemon balm plants showing blight symptoms was successfully established. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. dimidiatum causing blight on lemon balm in Turkey and worldwide.Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing foliar and stem blight of lavender in Turkey(Springer, 2021) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Turan, İrem; Koşar, İslim; Derviş, SibelLavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant in Turkey, with a cultivated area of 2,218 hectares in 2020 (TURKSTAT 2021). In June 2020, wilting, extensive stem and leaf blight or necrosis were observed in two-year-old lavender plants cultivated in the experimental fields of the GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Disease incidence was up to 15%. A putative Botryosphaeriaceae species was consistently isolated from the necrotic stem and leaf tissues plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA).Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae on common sage (Salvia officinalis)(Springer, 2021) Derviş, Sibel; Güney, İnci Güler; Koşar, İslim; Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, GökselIn June 2020, many plants exhibited symptoms of root rot and foliar blight in the experimental feld of common sage in Şanlıurfa province, Turkey. The pathogen was identifed as Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequence of the transcription elongation factor 1-α gene and the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA. Koch’s postulates were fulflled by successful re-isolation of the pathogen from inoculated plants in the pathogenicity assay. To our best knowledge, this is the frst report of N. novaehollandiae causing root rot and foliar blight of common sage worldwideÖğe A novel blight and root rot of chickpea: A new host for Neoscytalidium dimidiatum(Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Güney, İnci Güler; Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, SibelIn the southeastern province of Mardin in Turkey, a severe and novel fungal infection affected all chickpea plant parts, resulting in blight symptoms on stem, petiole, branch, and leaf, defoliation, seed and root rot, and death. Neoscytalidium dimidiatum was identified as the agent responsible for this new blight and root rot using sequence analysis of the ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci as well as morphological data. The pathogen was found in all surveyed districts and fields, with varying incidences of blight and root rot, blight being nearly twice (40%) as common as root rot (21%), and root-rotted and blighted plants co-occurring in the majority of instances. All 92 N. dimidiatum isolates from various tissues induced necrotic lesions on the inoculated plants, indicating they were pathogenic for chickpea. Conidia exhibited germination across a temperature range, with increasing temperatures positively influencing germination rates, and mycelial growth was significantly influenced by temperature, with the optimal growth temperature observed to be 35 degrees C. The response of 25 Turkish chickpea cultivars and three other genotypes when subjected to inoculation with Ciar 12 and Ciar 78 isolates, representative of phylogenetic clusters, was evaluated based on the severity of blight and root rot. The majority of cultivars and genotypes displayed high susceptibility and suffered mortality when exposed to either soil or spray inoculation with each isolate. Among the assessed cultivars and genotypes, cagatay had the lowest severity of root rot. This study is the first to report a natural infection of chickpea plants by N. dimidiatum. Under global warming, this may be detrimental to chickpea cultivation and habitat in southeastern Turkey, which is the origin of chickpeas.
