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    Falling dynamics of sars-cov-2 as a function of respiratory droplet size and human height
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Aydın, Mehmet; Evrendilek, Fatih; Savaş, Seçkin Aydın; Aydın, İsmail Erkan; Evrendilek, Deniz Eren
    Purpose The purpose of this study is to quantify the motion dynamics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Three physical models of Newton's and Stokes's laws with(out) air resistance in the calm air are used to determine the falling time and velocity regimes of SARS-CoV-2 with(out) a respiratory water droplet of 1 to 2000 micrometers (mu m) in diameter of an infected person of 0.5 to 2.6 m in height. Results The horizontal distance travelled by SARS-CoV-2 in free fall from 1.7 m was 0.88 m due to breathing or talking and 2.94 m due to sneezing or coughing. According to Newton's laws of motion with air resistance, its falling velocity and time from 1.7 m were estimated at 3.95 x 10(-2)m s(-1)and 43 s, respectively. Large droplets > 100 mu m reached the ground from 1.7 m in less than 1.6 s, while the droplets >= 30 mu m fell within 4.42 s regardless of the human height. Based on Stokes's law, the falling time of the droplets encapsulating SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 4.26 x 10(-3)to 8.83 x 10(4) s as a function of the droplet size and height. Conclusion The spread dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic is closely coupled to the falling dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 for which Newton's and Stokes's laws appeared to be applicable mostly to the respiratory droplet size >= 237.5 mu m and <= 237.5 mu m, respectively. An approach still remains to be desired so as to better quantify the motion of the nano-scale objects.
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    A model for indoor motion dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 as a function of respiratory droplet size and evaporation
    (Springer, 2021) Aydın, Mehmet; Savaş, Seçkin Aydın; Evrendilek, Fatih; Aydın, İsmail Erkan; Evrendilek, Deniz Eren
    The cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera latipons, is an important plant parasite causing substantial yield losses in wheat throughout the world. This study aimed to determine genetic and pathogenic variation in IL latipons populations obtained from the southern part of Turkey. The populations were identified as H. latipons by sequencing the ITS-rDNA region and further sequence analysis showed an intraspecific genetic variation in H. latipons populations. which were clustered into different groups. The International Test Assortment materials were used to determine pathogenic variation (pathotypes) in these populations. The results showed that 'Ortolan'. 'Morocco', 'KVL191'. Tajo Aragon 1-1', 'Herta'. 'Martin 403-T. 'Sun II' and 'Pusa Hybrid Bsi' cultivars were resistant or moderately resistant to the tested nematode populations. 'Emir', 'Dalmatische' and 'Capa' were susceptible to IL latipons populations. The Hatay population of H. latipons was detected as the most virulent nematode population because ten out of 20 cultivars were susceptible or moderately susceptible to this population. The least virulent population was the Kills population, which caused susceptible reaction on six out of all cultivars with different levels. Based on this scheme. the Turkish populations were in the Hal group: the reactions of barley, oats and wheat classified them as either Ha41 or Ha51. Barley 'KVL191' was resistant to all nematode populations but susceptible to Ha51 and the reactions of the other barley cultivars were also consistent with the Turkish populations being Ila51. AUS10894' was susceptible to three nematode populations but resistant to Ila41, and the reaction of 'Capa' was also consistent with the Turkish populations being Ha51. However, the degree of susceptibility of all wheat differentials distinguishes the Turkish populations from other pathotypes in the Ha1 group.
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    Thermal behaviors, combustion mechanisms, evolved gasses, and ash analysis of spent potlining for a hazardous waste management
    (Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021) Sun, Guang; Zhang, Gang; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Deniz Eren; Büyükada, Musa
    An unavoidable but reusable waste so as to enhance a more circular waste utilization has been spent potlining (SPL) generated by the aluminum industry. The combustion mechanisms, evolved gasses, and ash properties of SPL were characterized dynamically in response to the elevated temperature and heating rates. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) results indicated an exothermic reaction behavior probably able to meet the energy needs of various industrial applications. The reaction mechanisms for the SPL combustion were best described using the 1.5-, 3- and 2.5-order reaction models. Fluoride volatilization rate of the flue gas was estimated at 2.24%. The SPL combustion emitted CO2, HNCO, NO, and NO2 but SOx. The joint optimization of remaining mass, derivative thermogravimetry, and derivative DSC was achieved with the optimal temperature and heating rate combination of 783.5 °C, and 5 °C/min, respectively. Interaction between temperature and heating rate exerted the strongest and weakest impact on DSC and remaining mass, respectively. The fluorine mainly as the formation of substantial NaF and CaF2 in the residual ash. Besides, the composition and effect of environment of residual solid were evaluated. The ash slagging tendency and its mineral deposition mechanisms were elucidated in terms of turning SPL waste into a benign input to a circular waste utilization.
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    Transport dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 under outdoor conditions
    (Springer, 2022) Aydın, Mehmet; Evrendilek, Fatih; Aydın, İsmail Erkan; Savaş, Seçkin Aydın; Evrendilek, Deniz Eren
    This study aimed at estimating the transport dynamics of a single severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-laden droplet of 1 to 500 mu m in diameter at a wind speed from 1 to 4 m/s. Motion dynamics of SARS-CoV-2-laden respiratory droplets under calm or turbulent air conditions were quantified using a combined model. Dalton's law was implemented to estimate their evaporation. One-factor-at-a-time procedure was applied for the sensitivity analysis of model of deposition velocity. The transport distance of the single virus ranged from 167 to 1120 m as a function of the droplet size, wind speed, and falling time. The evaporation times of the droplets <= 3 and <= 14 mu m in diameter were shorter than their settling times from 1.7 m in height at midnight and midday, respectively. Such droplets remained in the air for about 5 min as the droplet nuclei with SARS-CoV-2. The minimum transport distance of the respiratory droplets of 1-15 mu m varied between 8.99 and 142 m at a wind speed range of 1-4 m/s, based on their deposition velocity. With their short transport distance, the larger droplet (30 to 500 mu m) was not suspended in the air even under the windy conditions. The deposition velocity was found most sensitive to the droplet diameter. The droplets < 15 mu m in diameter completely evaporated at midday and the droplet nuclei with the single virus can travel a minimum distance of 500 m under a horizontal wind speed of 3 m/s.