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Öğe Retrospective analysis of sarcomas of the urogenital system(2005) Kandirali, Engin; Şanli, Öner; Erdemir, Fikret; Özcan, Faruk; Esen, Tarik; Tunç, MuratIntroduction: Sarcomas account for only about 1% of all malignant tumors. Less than 5% or soft tissue sarcomas arise from the genitourinary tract, accounting for only 1 to 2% of all malignant genitourinary tumors. Because of the rarity of these tumors, the basic problem in the management of these tumors is the lack of a uniform approach for staging and treatment. Although sarcomas arise from different organs in the genitourinary tract and compromise different histopathological features, the main treatment modality is surgical resection of the tumor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and pathological features and prognosis of genitourinary tumors treated in our clinic. Materials and methods: Between 1997 and 2003, after excluding the gynecological sarcomas, a total of 15 genitourinary sarcomas were treated in our clinic. All patients were evaluated with a detailed medical history, physical examination, multiple serum analyses and imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging if needed. Thus, tru-cut biopsy was performed if indicated. For all patients, the primary treatment modality was open surgical resection. In addition to surgery, some of these patients also received adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. For staging, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center soft tissue sarcoma staging system was used. Post-operative follow-up was done in regular intervals. Results: The mean age of patients was 50.4 ±14.7 (16-69) years and the mean tumor size was 8±3.5 cm. The chief complaints (one or more) of these patients were hematuria in 9, flank pain in 7, weight loss in 6, abdominal pain in 5, abdominal mass in 4, lower urinary tract symptoms in 3. Five bladder, six kidney, three retroperitoneal and one prostate sarcoma were detected in three women and 12 men. Histopathology of these tumors were leiomyosarcomas in nine, liposarcomas in three, rhabdomyosarcomas in two, malignant fibrous histiocytoma in one of the patients. Of these tumors, three were low grade and 12 were high grade. All patients except one underwent open surgical resection of the tumors. For five patients surgical resection was the only treatment modality, while eleven patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy after surgery. After a follow-up of 10.2±4.7 (3-20) months, overall survival rate was found to be 20% (3/15). Conclusion: Genitourinary sarcomas are a rare group of tumors with a generally poor prognosis. Complete surgical resection is still the mainstay of treatment. Further large scale studies, are needed to better understand the major prognostic determinants of these tumors and to identify specific treatments.Öğe RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF SARCOMAS OF THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM(Aves, 2005) Kandirali, Engin; Sanli, Oner; Erdemir, Fikret; Ozcan, Faruk; Esen, Tarik; Tunc, MuratIntroduction: Sarcomas account for only about 1% of all malignant tumors. Less than 5% of soft tissue sarcomas arise from the genitourinary tract, accounting for only 1 to 2% of all malignant genitourinary tumors. Because of the rarity of these tumors, the basic problem in the management of these tumors is the lack of a uniform approach for staging and treatment. Although sarcomas arise from different organs in the genitourinary tract and compromise different histopathological features, the main treatment modality is surgical resection of the tumor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and pathological features and prognosis of genitourinary tumors treated in our clinic. Materials and Methods: Between 1997 and 2003, after excluding the gynecological sarcomas, a total of 15 genitourinary sarcomas were treated in our clinic. All patients were evaluated with a detailed medical history, physical examination, multiple serum analyses and imaging modalities such as ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging if needed. Thus, tru-cut biopsy was performed if indicated. For all patients, the primary treatment modality was open surgical resection. In addition to surgery, some of these patients also received adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. For staging, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center soft tissue sarcoma staging system was used. Post-operative follow-up was done in regular intervals. Results: The mean age of patients was 50.4 +/- 14.7 (16-69) years and the mean tumor size was 8 +/- 3.5 cm. The chief complaints (one or more) of these patients were hematuria in 9, flank pain in 7, weight loss in 6, abdominal pain in 5, abdominal mass in 4, lower urinary tract symptoms in 3. Five bladder, six kidney, three retroperitoneal and one prostate sarcoma were detected in three women and 12 men. Histopathology of these tumors were leiomyosarcomas in nine, liposarcomas in three, rhabdomyosarcomas in two, malignant fibrous histiocytoma in one of the patients. Of these tumors, three were low grade and 12 were high grade. All patients except one underwent open surgical resection of the tumors. For five patients surgical resection was the only treatment modality, while eleven patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy after surgery. After a follow-up of 10.2 +/- 4.7 (3-20) months, overall survival rate was found to be 20% (3/15). Conclusion: Genitourinary sarcomas are a rare group of tumors with a generally poor prognosis. Complete surgical resection is still the mainstay of treatment. Further large scale studies, are needed to better understand the major prognostic determinants of these tumors and to identify specific treatments.Öğe A surgery underestimated by urology: Adrenalectomy; Clinical experience of Istanbul medical faculty(2004) Kandirali, Engin; Erdemir, Fikret; Korgali, Esat; Atilgan, Do?an; Esen, Tarik; Tunç, MuratIntroduction: The most common adrenal disorder encountered by clinicians today is the incidentally discovered adrenal mass as a result of the more widespread use of enhanced quality of high-resolution radiological techniques. Autopsy series have identified adrenal masses in 1.4% to 9% of patients who had no evidence of adrenal dysfunction prior to death. The incidence of adrenal masses detected by computed tomography scanning has ranged from 0.4% to 4.4%. The etiology of adrenal masses includes benign or malignant adrenal cortical tumors, adrenal medullary tumors, and other benign lesions. An adrenal mass is characterized according to functional status, with a medical history, physical examination, and hormonal assessment, and malignant potential, with an assessment of the imaging phenotype and mass size. Adrenal masses are commonly small (80% smaller than two cm), benign (94%), and non-functioning (%90). Malignant adrenal masses are rare (%2.7), and the most of them are larger than five cm. All adrenal masses require biochemical workup to evaluate adrenal function. Hormonally inactive tumors smaller than five cm. are followed regularly. Surgery is indicated for masses that are larger than five cm. in diameter, hormonally active adrenal masses or malignancy suspicione. The aim of this study is to investigate the features and the preoperative evaluation of patients who have had adrenalectomy in our clinic, to point out how to perform the biochemical evaluation, and to emphasize the importance of adrenal surgery. Materials and Methods: In our department, between January 1997 and December 2003, we performed a total of 13 open adrenalectomies via the retroperitoneal or transperitoneal approach, including eight on the right and five on the left side, in nine men add four women. Ten patients who completed post-operative follow up examination were included in our study. All patients were evaluated with a medical history, physical examination, ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, serum multipl analyses and hormonal activity. Pre-operative and post-operative medical treatments of the patients were done by an endocrinologist. Results: Mean age of our patients was 51.4±7.8 (36-65) years and mean follow up period was 43.1±22.7 (4-78) months. Eight adrenal masses are detected on the right side and five adrenal masses are on the left side, in nine men and four women. One case had hormonally active adrenal mass and 12 cases had hormonally inactive adrenal mass. The average adrenal mass size was 7.9 cm (3-16). Mean operation time was 120 (60-180) minutes and no complication was seen during the operation. Mean duration of hospital stay was six (4-10) days. The most common lesions were benign cortical adenoma (%30.5), metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (%23), primer adrenal carcinoma (%15.2) and son. Ten of 13 operated patients' follow-up visits were done regularly. Two patients who had metastasis of renal cell carcinoma died due to primary illness approximately 9.7 months after the operation. We did not detect recurrence in the other eight patients. Median survival rate was 80%. Conclusion: After a careful clinical, biochemical and radiological evaluation, patients are selected for surgery. Although laparoscopic adrenalectomy has become a standard procedure for the treatment of adrenal tumors, the open surgery can be perform safety with low morbidity rates especially if the tumor size is large and there is malignancy suspicione. Pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative preparation of the patients is very important. All adrenal masses should be evaluated hormonally. Appearance and clinical history should indicate how to perform the biochemical evaluation keeping in mind that the presence of pheochrocytomas must be ruled out. We believe that the subject of adrenal gland surgery should be considered as a part of urology practice although many other departments such as general surgery, plastic surgery, obstetrics and gynecology and pediatric surgery have a tendency to be involved in many of the subjects included in urology.Öğe Ürogenital sistem sarkomlarının retrospektif analizi(2005) Kandıralı, Engin; Şanlı, Öner; Erdemir, Fikret; Özcan, Faruk; Esen, TarıkYumuşak doku sarkomlarının %5 kadarı genitoüriner sistemde bulunur ve genitoüriner sistem tümörlerinin yaklaşık %1-2'sini oluştururlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kliniğimizde takip ve tedavi edilen 15 genitoüriner sistem kaynaklı sarkom hastasının klinik ve patolojik özellikleri ile prognozlarını gözden geçirmektir. Bu retrospektif çalışmaya kliniğimizde 1997-2003 yılları arasında tedavi edilen 15 genitoüriner sarkom hastası dahil edildi. Tüm hastalara açık cerrahi girişim yapıldı ve gerektiğinde cerrahi sonrası kemoterapi ve/veya radyoterapi uygulandı. Hastaların takipleri düzenli aralıklarla yapıldı. Üçü kadın, 12'si erkek olan hastaların, ortalama yaşı 50.4±14.7 (16-69) yıl, ortalama tümör boyutu ise 8±3.5 (3-15) cm idi. Beş hastada mesane , 6 hastada böbrek, 3 hastada retroperitoneal ve 1 hastada prostat kaynaklı sarkom saptandı. Histopatolojik olarak 9'u leyomyosarkom, 2'si rabdomiyosarkom, 3'ü liposarkom ve l'i malin fıbroz histiyositom idi. Hastaların biri hariç tamamına açık cerrahi tedavi uygulandı. Operasyon sonrası 9 hastaya sadece kemoterapi, 2 hastaya kemoradyoterapi yapıldı. Ortalama 10.2+4.7 (3-20) aylık takip süresi sonunda 12 hasta kaybedildi ve ortalama sağkalım % 20 (3/15) olarak saptandı. Genitoüriner ve retroperitoneal sarkomlar nadir görülen ancak prognozu kötü olan tümörlerdir. Bu tümörlerin tedavisinin temelini halen cerrahi tedavi oluşturmaktadır.Öğe Ürolojinin gözardı ettiği cerrahi: Böbrek üstü bezi cerrahisi; İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi deneyimi(2004) Kandıralı, Engin; Erdemir, Fikret; Korgalı, Esat; Atılgan, Doğan; Esen, TarıkBöbrek üstü bezi kitleleri genellikle rastlantısal olarak saptanır. Malinite şüpheli kitleler ve 5 cm’den büyük kitleler cerrahi tedavi gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kliniğimizde açık böbrek üstü bezi çıkarılması yapılan hastaların özellikleri gözden geçirmek, cerrahi öncesi hastaların nasıl değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamak ve ürologların dikkatini böbrek üstü bezi cerrahisine çekmektir. Kliniğimizde Ocak 1997-Aralık 2003 tarihleri arasında 13 hastaya böbrek üstü bezi kitlesi nedeniyle açık retroperitoneal veya transperitoneal adrenalektomi operasyonu uygulandı. Takipleri tam olarak yapılan 10 hasta çalışmaya alındı. Hastaların tamamı operasyon öncesi dönemde anamnez, fizik muayene, USG (Ultrasonografi), BT (Bilgisayarlı Tomografi) yada MR (Manyetik Rezonans) ile değerlendirildi. Ayrıca tüm kitlelerde hormonal aktivite araştırıldı. Hastaların ortalama yaşı 51.4±7.8 yıl (36-65), ortalama takip süresi 43.1±22.7 ay (4-78) idi. Operasyon süresi ortalama 120 (60-180) dakika olup girişim sırasında herhangi bir sorun olmadı. Ameliyat sonrası dönemde hastanede ortalama kalma süresi 6 (4-10) gün olan hastalarda yine ameliyat sonrası dönemde belirgin bir komplikasyon gözlenmedi. En sık benin kortikal adenom (%30.5), 2. sıklıkta böbrek hücreli kanser metastazı (böbrek tümörü ile ters taraflı sürrenalde) (%23) saptandı. Opere edilen 13 hastadan 10 tanesinin düzenli takibi yapıldı. Patolojileri böbrek hücreli kanser metastazı olan 2 hasta operasyondan ortalama 9.7 ay sonra primer hastalık nedeniyle kaybedildi. Takibi yapılan diğer 8 hastada nüks saptanmadı. Son zamanlarda laparoskopik adrenalektomi her ne kadar altın standart olarak kabul edilse de tüm hastalar için standart bir tedavi modeli yoktur. Açık cerrahi girişim kabul edilebilir morbidite oranları ile güvenli olarak uygulanabilir. Ürolojinin birçok konusunun genel cerrahi, plastik cerrahi, çocuk cerrahisi ve kadın doğum tarafından ele geçirilmeye çalışıldığı göz önüne alındığında böbrek üstü bezinin ürolojinin bir parçası olarak değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.
