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    Bioremediation applications with fungi
    (Springer International Publishing Ag, 2018) Sağlam, Necdet; Yeşilada, Özfer; Sağlam, Semran; Apohan, Elif; Sam, Mesut; İlk, Sedef; Emul, Ezgi; Gürel, Ekrem
    Industrial wastewaters such as olive oil mill wastewater (OOMW) and alcohol factory wastewater (vinasse) with high polluting characteristics affect the ecosystem seriously. The environmental impact of these wastewaters is rather severe due to their organic matter content and dark color. Therefore, it is illegal to dispose these wastewaters directly into the environment. In addition of wastewater treatments, decolorization of Kraft mills is one of the serious problems in pulp and paper industries because of their high color contents. The discharges of Kraft mills present a threat for environment and especially surface waters. These colored effluents contain serious amounts of chlorinated and oxidized lignin compounds. Remediation of this kind of wastewaters by conventional treatment methods has difficult and challenging processes. As a solution, the fungi have been chosen for bioremediation of wastewaters as efficient biological systems as they are able to remove the color and threatful organic content. Mycoremediation is an effective and ecofriendly method for the bioremediation of this type of wastewaters. This method has several advantages over chemical or physical remediation. Besides, fungal enzymes have a great potential for detoxifying and screening most of the environmental pollutants. In the last decade, fungal enzymes have a new application area on sensor technology. Biosensors are able to utilize fungal enzymes including an electrode that may be used for the detection of pollutants such as phenolic compounds. The objective of this chapter is to summarize recent developments in mycoremediation of wastewaters, especially OOMW and vinasse. Here, the role of biotechnologically important fungi such as yeast, molds, and white rot fungi in the mycoremediation of wastewaters is reviewed. The various mycoremediation methods for effective bioremediation and recent developments for fungal enzymes are also discussed.
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    Green Synthesis and Biogenic Materials, Characterization, and Their Applications
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2019) Tan, Gamze; İlk, Sedef; Emul, Ezgi; Asik, Mehmet Dogan; Sam, Mesut; Altindag, Serap; Birhanli, Emre
    Modern nanotechnology, together with the help of pharmaceutical and biomedical science, deals with improving new drug delivery systems in order to cure many diseases including cancer. Thus, nanotechnology has generated a potential influence in several disciplines of medicine including cardiology, endocrinology, immunology, oncology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology. Till date, very little work has been done regarding the positive or beneficial influences of nanomaterials on plant species. However, nanotechnology has the potential for creating new materials to develop new methods or tools for incorporation of fictional nanoparticles into the plants to improve their physiological, morphological, or other related characters. In natural environment, plants and microorganisms like bacteria, algae, yeasts, and fungi have the ability to produce nanosized materials as part of their metabolism. Synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms has been arisen as prominent research area in nanoscience day by day. In general, microorganisms produce inorganic nanoparticles in intracellular and/or extracellular way. Microbial production of metallic nanoparticles, especially silver, is achieved by reduction mechanisms of metal ions, while they generate silver nanoparticles as part of their metabolism due to their defense mechanism. Bio-produced silver nanoparticles are also applied for enhanced antimicrobial properties in combination with commercial antibiotics against pathogenic microorganisms. Their antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects are evaluated within this chapter. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.