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Öğe Alternaria alternata causing inner black rot of lemon (Citrus limon) fruits in Turkey: Genetic diversity and characterisation(Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Güney, İnci Güler; Tekin, Fatih; Günen, Tacettin Utku; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, SibelThe market sales of symptomless lemons in 2020 revealed a persistent and severe internal black rot with browning of the membrane wall and juice sac. To investigate the causal agent, externally symptom-free lemons from Mediterranean locations were sampled from supermarkets, local markets, and bazaars in three southeastern Turkish provinces. Internal black rot symptoms were observed in 13.69% of the 1300 externally symptomless fruits, and Alternaria was isolated from 96.63% of those exhibiting these symptoms. Morphological analysis confirmed the identity of Alternaria alternata in 26 representative isolates collected from various markets and bazaars. To examine genetic diversity or polymorphisms, start codon targeted (SCoT) markers were used. Species identification was based on the sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF 1-alpha), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). SCoT 29 exhibited the highest amount of polymorphic amplicons, with 18 polymorphic bands scored when compared to the other six scoreable markers. The 26 representative isolates from various markets and bazaars were divided into four clades by SCoT 29. However, multilocus sequence analyses confirmed the identification of a single species, A. alternata. In terms of virulence and the impact of temperature on growth, representative isolates from four SCoT clusters were evaluated. Data suggests that SCoT markers can be used to evaluate virulence-based polymorphism in A. alternata; nonetheless, all clades showed comparable temperature responses, with 25 degrees C being the optimum. There was also no association between individual morphotypes and SCoT clade membership. Due to the lack of obvious signs on lemon fruits, producers, merchants, and consumers are unable to identify black rot, and the widespread presence of A. alternata in lemons may pose a significant risk that must be avoided at all costs.Öğe Canker and leaf scorch on olive (Olea europaea L.) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey(Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, SibelIn a recent survey of olive groves in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey, a new and serious decline of olive trees, beginning with foliar scorching and then dieback of twigs, branches, and even whole trees, was observed for the first time. In more advanced stages of the disease, necrosis and cankers were observed on the bark of the trunk, branches, and twigs. Isolations from symptomatic tissues from multiple cultivars in diverse locations yielded Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, which were identified using ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci of genomic DNA, in combination with morphological data. In vitro studies showed that conidial germination, hyphal growth, and pycnidia formation of the pathogen were positively correlated with elevated temperatures. Wild type olive Delice, Edincik Su, and Memecik seemed like the most resistant cultivars on which disease severity values were the lowest among 14 screened olive cultivars in two experimental orchards under natural conditions. Pathogenicity tests showed that Gemlik was the most susceptible cultivar showing the largest cankers and extensive scorch lesions. Isolates caused canker but not leaf scorch on O. europaea cultivars Arbequina Halhall, Manzanilla, Nizip Yafglik, and Saurani. Neoscytalidium isolates are likely to have a negative impact on the health of diverse olive groves, which are primarily confined to Mediterranean-type climatic regions. These findings suggest an increased risk of infection in environments with increasing temperatures, as is common in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. The information gathered in this study will be used to examine the disease's epidemiology and establish disease control initiatives. This is also the first report of N. dimidiatum infecting O . europaea in the world.Öğe Characterization and pathogenicity of pythium-like species associated with root and collar rot of kiwifruit in Turkey(American Phytopathological Society, 2022) Türkkan, Muharrem; Özer, Göksel; Karaca, Gürsel; Erper, İsmail; Derviş, SibelDuring the period of June to October in 2018, a widespread decline was observed on kiwifruit vines in the vineyards located in the Altinordu, Fatsa, and Persembe districts of Ordu province in Turkey. The symptoms were associated with reddish-brown rots expanding from the root to the collar with sparse off-color foliage. Based on the percentage of the total infected samples across 18 vineyards, the most common oomycete species were Globisporangium intermedium (37.1%), Phytopythium vexans (34.3%), Globisporangium sylvaticum (14.3%), Globisporangium heterothallicum (11.4%), and Pythium dissotocum (2.9%). The morphological identification of isolates was confirmed based on partial DNA sequences containing the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene. The optimum growth temperature and the optimum pH values of the five species ranged from 22.98 to 28.25 degrees C and 5.67 to 8.51, respectively. Pathogenicity tests on the seedlings of kiwifruit cv. Hayward revealed significant differences in virulence among isolates. Phytopythium vexans and Globisporangium sylvaticum isolates caused severe root and collar rot resulting in seedling death, while Globisporangium heterothallicum and Globisporangium intermedium isolates had relatively lower virulence. All Globisporangium spp. and Phytopythium vexans isolates significantly decreased plant growth parameters (plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and root length); however, Pythium dissotocum caused very mild symptoms and did not affect these parameters of growth. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting Globisporangium sylvaticum, Globisporangium heterothallicum, and Globisporangium intermedium causing root and collar rot on kiwifruit not only in Turkey but also in the world.Öğe Clonostachys rosea strain ST1140: An endophytic plant-growth-promoting fungus, and its potential use in seedbeds with wheat-grain substrate(Springer, 2023) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, SibelIn this study, Clonostachys rosea strain ST1140, a naturally occurring endophyte in healthy roots of a pistachio tree, was identified morphologically and molecularly through DNA sequencing, and its endophytic ability and growth effect in/on three solanaceous plant species were tested. Three different organic substrates (bread wheat-grain, sawdust, and leonardite) were also investigated for their utility in cultivating and multiplying the strain. In-tray and pot experiments, the rates of seed germination and vegetative development of pepper, tomato, and eggplant inoculated with C. rosea at planting were compared to those of non-inoculated controls. In pot experiments, inoculating seedbeds with increasing doses of C. rosea strain ST1140 with wheat-grain substrate resulted in higher plant height values for all plant species, and the strain endophytically colonized the roots of all plant species. In-tray experiments revealed that ST1140 inoculation resulted in 2-4 days earlier and 10% higher germination rates for all plant species, as well as more vigorous and accelerated seedling growth (10-13 days earlier for seedlings at the 4-5 true leaf stage) on all inoculated plant species. Among three different organic substrates, wheat-grain was found to be the most effective for long-term cultivation and multiplication of the fungus, which could be of interest for its development as a commercial product. These results promised the strain ST1140's use as a biofertilizer in seedbeds with a wheat-grain substrate.Öğe Determination of Antagonistic Activities of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Different Wheat Genotypes Against Fusarium culmorum(2024) Güney, Inci Güler; Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel; Aktaş, Hüsnü; Keske, Mehmet AtaThis study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical properties and enzyme activities of endophytic bacteria obtained from different wheat genotypes, as well as their effectiveness against Fusarium culmorum, which causes root and crown rot in wheat. The results obtained from double culture tests of isolates against F. culmorum showed that the inhibition rate varied between 80.56% and 13.90%. The inhibition rate against F. culmorum was 80.59% for Bacillus subtilis (MM11), 69.41% for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (EY5), and 61.10% for Enterobacter sp. (MY3) under in vitro conditions, the most effective isolates. Pseudomonas putida (EM9) and Pseudomonas orientalis (MM21) isolates gave positive results in all tests in the production of amylase, cellulase, phosphatase, ACC deaminase, and siderophore. To identify six promising isolates, 16S rRNA gene-based sequence analysis was utilized. The efficacy of bacterial strains against F. culmorum, pot experiments were conducted in a growth room (in vivo). The results demonstrated that the combination of S. maltophilia, Enterobacter sp., and B. subtilis (MY3+EY5+MM11) yielded the most favorable outcomes in terms of disease severity, plant height, wet weight, dry weight, root wet weight, and root dry weight. The combination of Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, P. putida, and P. orientalis (EY1+EM9+MM21) exhibited promising results. Utilizing effective bacterial strains is anticipated to reduce the dependence on and costs associated with chemical fertilizers and pesticides while minimizing their environmental impact. Furthermore, these strains show potential for commercial applications pending further validation procedures. The findings from this study significantly contribute to the field of biological control strategies against F. culmorum by leveraging the diverse capabilities of endophytic bacteria.Öğe The Effect of Talaromyces funiculosus ST976 Isolated from Pistacia vera Rhizosphere on Phosphorus Solubility in Soil Samples with Different Physicochemical Properties(2022) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Eren, Abdullah; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, SibelIn this study, a total of 78 Talaromyces isolates were isolated from the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rhizosphere heavily infested with Neoscytalidium spp. The identification studies of the four representative isolates based on morphological and molecular methods showed that all isolates were T. funiculosus. The 575 bp long sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of T. funiculosus isolate ST976, selected as a representative of the isolates, was deposited in GenBank under accession no. MW130842. The Maximum Likelihood tree clustered the ST976 isolate with reference T. funiculosus isolates derived from the GenBank nucleotide database. The phosphorus dissolution ability of ST976 isolate was determined by an experiment using six soil samples collected from agricultural lands in various locations of Şanlıurfa province. The pH of the soil samples taken varied between 7.21 and 7.88. As a result of the analysis performed with the addition of the isolate ST976 applied to soil samples with different soil structures (Clay and Clay-Loam), it was determined that the isolate ST976 dissolved 109–311% more phosphorus than the control sample. The study is one of the first studies proving the ability of T. funiculosus isolate ST976 to dissolve phosphorus without any additives to soil solution was determined.Öğe First report of fruit rot of eggplant caused by Pythium viniferum in Turkey(SPRINGER, 2022) Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Özer, Göksel; Çiftçi, Osman; Derviş, SibelIn August 2019, symptoms including dark brown and irregular sunken lesions or blights on the fruit pedicel and calyx of eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) occurred with a 3% incidence in two felds in Şanlıurfa province of Turkey. Advanced symptoms caused complete rotting of the fruit and visible cottony mycelia on the surface of pedicel, calyx, and fruit. To identify the causal agent, isolation was conducted with potato carrot agar (PCA). After an incubation period at 20 °C for 72 h in the dark, isolates obtained were mainly resembling the morphology of Pythium species according to the key of Van der Plaats-Niterink (1981). Sporangia were in an intercalary or terminal position, spherical to elongated, measured between 8–16 μm in diameter (mean 12.3 µm), and plentifully produced on aseptate hyphae. Spherical oospores were usually plerotic and measured 13.6 to 20.7 µm (mean 16.5 µm).Öğe First report of Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt on lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) in Turkey(Springer, 2021) Özer, Göksel; Güney, İnci Güler; Günen, Tacettin Utku; Koşar, İslim; Derviş, SibelIn the summer of 2020, wilt symptoms were observed in two-year-old lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) plants of cv. Sevtopolis in a lavender field (36°42ʹ N; 38°58ʹ E, 410 m above sea level) with an area of 2 ha located in Koruklu neighbourhood of Akçatepe district in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey, with up to 10% incidence. The affected plants showed brown discoloration in vascular tissues of stems and roots, stunting, wilting of leaves, and eventually died. Tissue taken from 15 symptomatic roots and stems consistently yielded Fusarium-like colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were initially white, but with age, became pale orange in PDA. Microconidia formed on short monophialides were hyaline, mostly unicellular, oval- to kidney-shaped, and measured 6.5 to 12.9 × 3.0 to 5.6 (average 9.6 × 4.2) µm. Macroconidia were hyaline, fusiform, measured 23.5 to 33.2 × 3.6 to 6.7 (average 27.5 × 4.8) µm with typically 3 to 4 septa and foot-shaped basal cells. The mycelia also produced globose to subglobose, spherical and intercalary or terminal chlamydospores.Öğe First report of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback on almond (Prunus dulcis) in Turkey(Springer, 2022) Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, SibelTurkey is the world's fourth-largest almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] producer. In July 2020, 10% of 2,600 9-year-old almond trees cultivars Ferragnes and Ferraduel in Bozova district of Şanlıurfa province showed symptoms of yellowing, gumming, branch and trunk cankers, and dieback. Surface-disinfected wood tissue samples exhibiting visible internal necrosis were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After seven days of incubation at 25 °C in the dark, 12 similar fungal colonies with dark grey colouration were isolatedÖğe First report of leaf blight of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey(Springer, 2022) Alkan, Mehtap; Özer, Göksel; Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, SibelIn July 2020, a leaf blight disease with intense defoliation on Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) plants was observed in a pilot experiment field in Akçakale and a commercial field in Haliliye with an incidence of 5.4 and 11.7%, respectively, in Şanlıurfa province. After a surface-sterilization for 1 min with 1% NaOCl, isolations from symptomatic tissues of six affected plants for each field consistently yielded a fungus with the same colony morphology on potato dextrose agar. Cultures were powdery with a thick aerial mycelium, initially white that changed from olive green to black within 10 days. All 12 isolates, each obtained from a different plant, produced dark-brown, thick-walled, cylindrical to oblong, zero to one-septa, and 9.7 × 4.6 μm (n=30) arthroconidia, both singly and in arthric chainsÖğe First report of Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot on common sage (Salvia officinalis) in Turkey(SPRINGER, 2021) Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, Sibel; Kırlı, Onur; Özer, GökselCommon sage (Salvia ofcinalis L.) is a perennial herb or sub-shrub native to the eastern Mediterranean. In July 2020, symptoms of chlorosis, wilting, and root rot appeared in 25% of two-year-old S. ofcinalis cv. Elif plants in two felds (N 36°53'42.457'', E 38°55'34.777''; N 36°53'27.236'', E 38°55'38.618'') in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Abundant black microsclerotia were observed on cortex and in vascular tissues of the symptomatic roots of plants sampled. Fungal colonies with similar cultural characteristics were consistently isolated from fragments of infected tissues on potato dextrose agar after superfcially disinfection and incubation for 5 days in the dark at 26 °C. Mp-So01 and Mp-So02 isolates representing the two felds were identifed as Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.Öğe First report of Macrophomina phaseolina causing charcoal rot on lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) in Turkey(Springer, 2022) Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Üner, Senem Ece; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, SibelLemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is native to the Eastern Mediterranean region and Western Asia and is a well-known medicinal plant of Lamiaceae due to its valuable aqueous and alcoholic extracts (De Sousa et al. 2004). In the summer of 2021, wilting and root rot were observed on about 20% of two-year-old M. officinalis cv. Melis plants in a field of Koruklu village, Akçatepe district of Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Roots of symptomatic plants were collected and dissected into small pieces (5 mm), surface-sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile water, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fast-growing and fluffy dark grey fungal colonies consistently emerged from the segments after incubation at 26 °C in the dark for 5 days and had abundant microsclerotia, which were dark, smooth, oblong-shaped, and measured 123 μm × 82 μm (n = 50).Öğe First report of needle blight of blue spruce (Picea pungens) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey(Springer, 2023) Derviş, Sibel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Güney, İnci Güler; Alkan, Mehtap; Özer, GökselThe blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.) is an exotic conifer species widely used for decorative purposes in landscaping and private gardens. In 2020, 60% of forty blue spruce trees between 20 and 25 years old planted in front of buildings in Kavaklıdere, Ankara, displayed needle blight symptoms. Needles on the lower and interior crown closest to the trunk were infected from the bottoms of branches. They showed a brown-colored or burned appearance before dropping off, starting from their tips, resulting in up to a 65% reduction of the canopy.Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum associated with dieback and canker of common fig (Ficus carica L.) in Turkey(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Güney, İnci Güler; Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, Göksel; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Derviş, SibelIn 2020, a canker disease with dieback of branches and decline of various fig trees in Sanliurfa and Mardin provinces of Turkey was observed. The causal pathogen was identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of ITS, tef1, and tub2 loci. Koch's postulates were confirmed by successful re-isolation of N. dimidiatum only from plants inoculated with the pathogen. This is the first report of N. dimidiatum associated with dieback and canker of common fig in Turkey.Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing blight of Melissa officinalis in Turkey(SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2022) Özer, Göksel; Günen, Tacettin Utku; Koşar, İslim; Güney, İnci Güler; Derviş, SibelIn July 2020, a blight disease on lemon balm plants was observed with an incidence of up to 10% in three fields in Sanliurfa province, Turkey. The causal agent was identified as Neoscytalidium dimidiatum based on macro- and micro-morphological features of the colonies and sequencing of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene and the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA. Re-isolation of N. dimidiatum from lemon balm plants showing blight symptoms was successfully established. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. dimidiatum causing blight on lemon balm in Turkey and worldwide.Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing foliar and stem blight of lavender in Turkey(Springer, 2021) Güney, İnci Güler; Özer, Göksel; Turan, İrem; Koşar, İslim; Derviş, SibelLavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is a valuable medicinal and aromatic plant in Turkey, with a cultivated area of 2,218 hectares in 2020 (TURKSTAT 2021). In June 2020, wilting, extensive stem and leaf blight or necrosis were observed in two-year-old lavender plants cultivated in the experimental fields of the GAP Agricultural Research Institute, Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Disease incidence was up to 15%. A putative Botryosphaeriaceae species was consistently isolated from the necrotic stem and leaf tissues plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA).Öğe First report of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing tuber rot of potato in Turkey(Springer, 2020) Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel; Turkölmez, ŞahimerdanIn July 2019, during and just after harvest, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers exhibited wrinkled and dark depressions on the surface with an incidence of 5% in two production fields examined in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Black necrotic symptoms on the surface expanded to the center of tubersÖğe First report of Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae causing stem blight on tomato in Turkey(Springer, 2020) Derviş, Sibel; Özer, Göksel; Turkçlmez, ŞahimerdanTurkey is the world’s fourth-largest tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) producer country with a production of 12.15 million tons and a cultivated area of 176,430 ha. In August 2019, stem blight symptoms on tomato plants were observed in three tomato fields located in Savur district (altitude: 800 m, Latitude: 37°50′89“N, Longitude: 40°83’96”E) of Mardin province. Disease incidence ranged from 5 to 10% in the fieldsÖğe First report of Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae on common sage (Salvia officinalis)(Springer, 2021) Derviş, Sibel; Güney, İnci Güler; Koşar, İslim; Bozoğlu, Tuğba; Özer, GökselIn June 2020, many plants exhibited symptoms of root rot and foliar blight in the experimental feld of common sage in Şanlıurfa province, Turkey. The pathogen was identifed as Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of partial sequence of the transcription elongation factor 1-α gene and the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA. Koch’s postulates were fulflled by successful re-isolation of the pathogen from inoculated plants in the pathogenicity assay. To our best knowledge, this is the frst report of N. novaehollandiae causing root rot and foliar blight of common sage worldwideÖğe First report of Phytopythium litorale causing root rot of apple in Turkey(Springer, 2020) Mert, Figen; Türkölmez, Şahimerdan; Özer, Göksel; Derviş, Sibel; Çiftçi, OsmanTurkey is the third-biggest producer of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the world with an annual production of about 3 million tons (FAOSTAT 2020).
