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    Co-circularity of spent coffee grounds and polyethylene via co-pyrolysis: Characteristics, kinetics, and products
    (Elsevier, 2023) Fu, Jiawei; Wu, Xijian; Liu, Jingyong; Evrendilek, Fatih; Chen, Tao; Xie, Wuming; Xu, Weijie; He, Yao
    Spent coffee grounds (CG) and polyethylene (PE) are the two typical types of major solid wastes. Their co-pyrolysis may be leveraged to reduce their waste streams and pollution and valorize energy and by-products. In this study, their co-pyrolysis performances, interaction effects, kinetics, and products were characterized in response to the varying temperature and blend ratio. The co-pyrolysis exhibited the two main stages of (1) the degradation of CG (180-380 degrees C) and (2) the depolymerization of PE and the decomposition of lignin (380-550 degrees C). The pyrolysis performance rose from 1.34x10(-4)%(3)center dot min(-2)center dot degrees C-3 with the mono-pyrolysis of CG to 26.32x10(-4)%(3)center dot min(-2)center dot degrees C-3 with the co-pyrolysis of 10 % CG and 90 % PE. The co-pyrolysis of 70 % CG and 30 % PE (CP73) achieved a lower activation energy than did the mono-pyrolysis of the two fuels. The products of the CG pyrolysis included a large number of alcohols, ethers, ketones, esters, and other oxygen-containing compounds, with a proportion as high as 65.01 %. The products of CP73 at 550 degrees C resulted in the yields of hydrocarbons and alcohols up to 93.61 %, beneficial to the further utilization of the co-pyrolytic products. Not only did the co-pyrolysis valorize its products, but also it enhanced their co-circularity. Artificial neural network-based joint optimization showed CP73 in the range of 517-1000 degrees C as the best combination of the conditions. The study provides new insights into the co-pyrolytic disposal of spent coffee grounds and polyethylene so as to improve the waste stream reduction and the valorization of energy and products.
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    Co-combustion dynamics and products of textile dyeing sludge with waste rubber versus polyurethane tires of shared bikes
    (Elsevier Sci LTD, 2023) He, Yao; Chen, Xi; Tang, Xiaojie; Chen, Siqi; Evrendilek, Fatih; Chen, Tao
    The co-combustions of major waste streams such as textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and waste tires of shared bikes may reduce the dependence on fossil fuels, as well as enhance their circular management and the recovery of their value-added products. In this study, the ash-to-gas products, interaction effects, and reaction mechanisms of the co-combustions of TDS and waste tires were characterized. The mono-combustions included the three stages of water evaporation, volatiles release, and mineral decomposition for TDS and the five stages for both rubber (RT) and polyurethane (PUT) tires. The three substages of the main stage of volatiles release for TDS had the activation energy of 124.5, 144.9, and 167.5 kJ/mol and were best explained by the reaction mechanism models of D3, D5, and F2, respectively. The (co-)combustion performance indices rose with the increased heating rate. The blend of 25% TDS with 75% RT (TR) and 75% PUT (TP) led to the best co-combustion performance according to comprehensive combustion index, with TP outperforming TR. The co-combustions of TP and TR reduced the activation energy required for the main devolatilization stage reaction. There was no significant difference in the main reaction mechanisms between the co-combustions. The interaction between TDS and waste tires reduced the applied energy required for the main devolatilization stage. The co-combustions at the low temperature produced O-H, CH4, CO2, CO, SO2, NO, carbonyl products, olefin products, and ketones. The cocombustions increased the production of C-H, reduced SO2 release and the viscosity of their ashes, promoted the complete combustion of substances, and alleviated the scale and sintering issues regardless of TP versus TR and caused the early release of NO from TP. According to the thermodynamic equilibrium simulations, the TR cocombustion promoted the retentions of Ca, S, Si, and Fe, in particular, the fixation of S. The addition of PUT enhanced the combination of Ca and Si into CaSiO3. The optimization based on the artificial neural networks pointed to the temperature range of 400-800 oC and the TR co-combustion as the optimal operational conditions.
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    Combustion mechanism and ash-to-gas products of star anise residues: Atmosphere and temperature dependencies and joint optimization
    (Elsevier Sci LTD, 2023) Chen, Tao; Li, Xiaoming; Liang, Jiayu; Evrendilek, Fatih; Wen, Xiaocui; Lin, Sen; Liu, Jingyong
    The efficient energy utilization of biomass is still being explored to lessen the heavy dependence on fossil fuels. This study aimed at characterizing the combustion behaviors, performances, ash-to-gas products, reaction mechanisms, and joint optimization of star anise (Illicium verum Hook. f. (SA)) residues in response to temper-ature, heating rate, and atmosphere type (N2/O2 versus CO2/O2). The main combustion stage of SA was between 150 and 580 degrees C. The combustion performance indices were higher in N2/O2 than CO2/O2. The estimated acti-vation energy varied between 168.26 and 241.77 kJ/mol. F1, F1.5, A1.5, and A2 well described the most likely reaction mechanisms. The energetically and environmentally multiple objectives were simultaneously optimized using artificial neural networks with the operational inputs of temperature and atmosphere type. The relative importance of the atmosphere type to the gaseous products were thus: aromatics < C-O < C--O < CO < CO2 < H2O < CH4. The combustion gaseous products were the same in both atmospheres. The SA ash was of K type with a high deposition risk in both atmospheres. Changing N2 to CO2 reduced the tendency of ash scaling and slagging.
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    Energetic, bio-oil, biochar, and ash performances of co-pyrolysis-gasification of textile dyeing sludge and Chinese medicine residues in response to K 2 CO 3, atmosphere type, blend ratio, and temperature
    (Science Press, 2024) Zhang, Gang; Chen, Zhiyun; Chen, Tao; Jiang, Shaojun; Eurendilek, Fatih; Huang, Shengzheng; Tang, Xiaojie
    Hazardous waste stream needs to be managed so as not to exceed stock- and rate-limited properties of its recipient ecosystems. The co-pyrolysis of Chinese medicine residue (CMR) and textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and its bio-oil, biochar, and ash quality and quantity were characterized as a function of the immersion of K 2 CO 3 , atmosphere type, blend ratio, and temperature. Compared to the mono-pyrolysis of TDS, its co-pyrolysis performance with CMR (the comprehensive performance index (CPI)) significantly improved by 33.9% in the N 2 atmosphere and 33.2% in the CO 2 atmosphere. The impregnation catalyzed the co-pyrolysis at 370 degrees C, reduced its activation energy by 77.3 kJ/mol in the N 2 atmosphere and 134.6 kJ/mol in the CO 2 atmosphere, and enriched the degree of coke gasification by 44.25% in the CO 2 atmosphere. The impregnation increased the decomposition rate of the co-pyrolysis by weakening the bond energy of fatty side chains and bridge bonds, its catalytic and secondary products, and its bio-oil yield by 66.19%. Its bio-oils mainly contained olefins, aromatic structural substances, and alcohols. The immersion of K 2 CO 3 improved the aromaticity of the co
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    Energetic, bio-oil, biochar, and ash performances of co-pyrolysis-gasification of textile dyeing sludge and Chinese medicine residues in response to K2CO3, atmosphere type, blend ratio, and temperature
    (Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2024) Zhang, Gang; Chen, Zhiyun; Chen, Tao; Jiang, Shaojun; Evrendilek, Fatih; Huang, Shengzheng; Tang, Xiaojie
    Hazardous waste stream needs to be managed so as not to exceed stock- and rate-limited properties of its recipient ecosystems. The co-pyrolysis of Chinese medicine residue (CMR) and textile dyeing sludge (TDS) and its bio-oil, biochar, and ash quality and quantity were characterized as a function of the immersion of K2CO3, atmosphere type, blend ratio, and temperature. Compared to the mono-pyrolysis of TDS, its co-pyrolysis performance with CMR (the comprehensive performance index (CPI)) significantly improved by 33.9% in the N2 atmosphere and 33.2% in the CO2 atmosphere. The impregnation catalyzed the co-pyrolysis at 370°C, reduced its activation energy by 77.3 kJ/mol in the N2 atmosphere and 134.6 kJ/mol in the CO2 atmosphere, and enriched the degree of coke gasification by 44.25% in the CO2 atmosphere. The impregnation increased the decomposition rate of the co-pyrolysis by weakening the bond energy of fatty side chains and bridge bonds, its catalytic and secondary products, and its bio-oil yield by 66.19%. Its bio-oils mainly contained olefins, aromatic structural substances, and alcohols. The immersion of K2CO3 improved the aromaticity of the co-pyrolytic biochars and reduced the contact between K and Si which made it convenient for Mg to react with SiO2 to form magnesium-silicate. The co-pyrolytic biochar surfaces mainly included -OH, -CH2, C=C, and Si-O-Si. The main phases in the co-pyrolytic ash included Ca5(PO4)3(OH), Al2O3, and magnesium-silicate. © 2022
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    Optimizing co-combustion synergy of soil remediation biomass and pulverized coal toward energetic and gas-to-ash pollution controls
    (Elsevier, 2023) Chen, Zhibin; Chen, Zhiliang; Liu, Jingyong; Zhuang, Ping; Evrendilek, Fatih; Huang, Shengzheng; Chen, Tao; Xie, Wuming; He, Yao; Sun, Shuiyu
    The co-combustion synergy of post-phytoremediation biomass may be optimized to cultivate a variety of benefits from re ducing dependence on fossil fuels to stabilizing heavy metals in a small quantity of ash. This study characterized the thermo kinetic parameters, gas-to-ash products, and energetically and environmentally optimal conditions for the co-combustions of aboveground (PG-A) and belowground (PG-B) biomass of Pfaffia glomerata (PG) with pulverized coal (PC). The mono combustions of PG-A and PG-B involved the decompositions of cellulose and hemicellulose in the range of 162–400 °C and of lignin in the range of 400–600 °C. PG improved the combustion performance of PC, with the blends of 30 % PG A and 70 % (PAC37) and 10 % PG-B and 90 % PC (PBC19) exhibiting the strongest synergy. Both PG-A and PG-B interacted with PC in the range of 160–440 °C, while PC positively affected PG in the range of 440–600 °C. PC decreased the apparent activation energy (Eα) of PG, with PBC19 having the lowest Eα value (107.85 kJ/mol). The reaction order models (Fn) best elucidated the co-combustion mechanisms of the main stages. Adding >50 % PC reduced the alkali metal content of PG, prevented the slagging and fouling depositions, and mitigated the Cd and Zn leaching toxicity. The functional groups, vol atiles, and N- and S-containing gases fell with PAC37 and PBC19, while CO2 emission rose. Energetically and environmen tally multiple objectives for the operational conditions were optimized via artificial neural networks. Our study presents controls over the co-circularity and co-combustion of the soil remediation plant and coal