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Öğe Alt konka hipertrofilerinde radyofrekans tedavisinin uzun dönem sonuçları(2008) Süslü, Ahmet Emre; Şanal, Köybaşı Serap; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Ongun, YaseminAmaç: Alt konka hipertrofilerinde radyofrekans cerrahisinin uzun dönem sonuçlarını araştırmak. Yöntem ve Gereçler: Alt konka hipertrofilerinde radyofrekans ile tedavi edilen hastaların kayıtları retrospektif olarak incelenmiş, preoperatif ve işlem sonrası erken dönemde (2 ay) doldurulmuş olan 10 cm’lik vizüel analog skala (VAS) skorları kaydedilmiştir. Çalışmaya alınan hastalara aynı VAS uzun dönemde uygulanmış, tekrarlı ölçümler için varyans analizi yapılarak preoperatif, kısa dönem ve uzun dönem VAS skorları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 89 hasta alınmıştır. Ortalama takip süresi 30,5 ± 5,8 ay olarak bulunmuştur. Preoperatif VAS skoru ortalama 8,6 ± 1 iken kısa dönem ve uzun dönem VAS skorları sırası ile 4,2 ± 2,3 ve 4,7 ± 2,7 olarak bulunmuştur. Kısa ve uzun dönem VAS sonuçları arasında anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır (p=0,29). Sonuç: Alt konka hipertrofilerinin tedavisinde uzun dönem sonuçları göz önüne alındığında etkili bir tedavi yöntemi olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Öğe Bilateral sigmoid sinus thrombosis and otitis media(Aves, 2015) Şanal, Serap Köybaşı; Şimşek, Tuğçe; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Demircioğlu, FatihSigmoid sinus thrombosis is a rare complication of otitis media and is known to be unilateral. In this report, we present a case of bilateral sigmoid sinus thrombosis secondary to bilateral otitis. To the best of our knowledge, there are no bilateral-simultaneous cases reported in literature to date. Here, the diagnosis of and treatment for the disease as well as predisposing factors are discussed.Öğe Bone mineral density measurements in otosclerosis using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(Wiley, 2016) Tönük, Şükrü Burak; Köybaşı, Serap; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Alkan Temel, SemaObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate patients with otosclerosis with respect to bone mineral density (BMD) at different regions of interest (ROI), using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DesignCross-sectional controlled study. SettingTertiary referral hospital. ParticipantsThe patients with a definite diagnosis of otosclerosis confirmed intra-operatively were defined as the study group (n=30). The control group consisted of volunteer, healthy subjects with normal hearing (n=43). Main outcome measuresFollowing an audiometric evaluation, a venous blood sample was obtained and a single BMD measurement using DXA was applied to each participant. ResultsThe mean BMD, T and Z scores were higher in the otosclerosis group than in the control group in all the regions considered, but not significantly; only the L2-L3 lateral BMD and its T and Z scores were significant (P=0.036, P=0.029 and P=0.036, respectively). ConclusionThis study shows that the BMD does not decrease in the presence of otosclerosis despite its genetic and metabolic relevance with osteoporosis. Concerning the L2-L3 lateral BMD measurements, the BMD increased in otosclerosis.Öğe Cochlear involvement in Familial Mediterranean Fever : a new feature of an old disease(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2012) Köybaşı, Serap; Atasoy, Halil İbrahim; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Tuğ, EsraObjectives: In this study we first aimed to assess the cochlear functions in children with Familial Mediterranean Fever. The second aim was to investigate the correlation between the hearing levels and some clinical features of Familial Mediterranean Fever including the duration of the disease, age at onset, genetic analysis and colchicine use. Methods: Thirty-four children with Familial Mediterranean Fever and 27 age matched children were included in the study. Following otologic examination, all children underwent audiometric evaluation, including Pure Tone Average measurements and Distortion Product Otoaoustic Emission testing. Audiological results of the two groups were compared and correlation between the audiologic status and clinical parameters of the disease like the duration of disease, age at onset, mutations and colchicine treatment were studied. Results: Pure tone audiometry hearing levels were within normal levels in both groups. Hearing thresholds of Familial Mediterranean Fever patients were found to be increased at frequencies 8000, 10,000, 12,500 and 16,000 (p<0.05). In otoacoustic emission evaluation, distortion products and signal-noise ratio of FMF children were lower in the tested frequencies, from 1400 Hz to 4000 Hz (p<0.05). Interaction of the disease duration and age of disease onset was found to predict hearing levels, distortion products and signal-noise ratios of children with Familial Mediterranean Fever (F value = 2.034; p = 0.033). Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating cochlear involvement in children with Familial Mediterranean Fever which showed increased hearing thresholds at higher frequencies in audiometry together with decreased distortion products and signal-noise ratios demonstrated by distortion product otoacoustic emission testing. Similar studies must be carried out on adult patients to see if a clinical hearing impairment develops. The possible mechanisms that cause cochlear involvement and the effect of colchicine treatment on cochlear functions must be enlightened. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Diffüz İdiopatik İskelet Hiperostozisi: Disfaji ve ses kısıklığı ile seyreden üç olgu sunumu(2019) Bayatkara, Tuğba; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Şanal, Serap KöybaşıDiffüz idiyopatik iskelet hiperostozisi (DISH), paravertebral ligaman ve kasların enkondral ossifikasyonu sonucu gelişen yaygın spinal osteofit oluşumları ile karakterize bir hastalıktır. DISH’te, nadir olmakla birlikte mekanik obstrüksiyona bağlı görülen disfaji progresyon gösterebilmektedir. Tedavi erken dönemde konservatif yaklaşımdır. İleri aşamada ise cerrahi olarak osteofitler eksize edilmektedir. Bu çalışma da osteofitler nedeniyle farengeal pasajı daralan, disfaji ve ses kısıklığı yakınması olan üç hasta sunulmuştur.Öğe DİFFÜZ İDİOPATİK İSKELET HİPEROSTOZİSİ; DİSFAJİ VE SES KISIKLIĞI İLE SEYREDEN ÜÇ OLGU SUNUMU(2019) Bayatkara, Tuğba; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Şanal, Serap KöybaşiDiffüz idiyopatik iskelet hiperostozisi (DISH),paravertebral ligaman ve kasların enkondralossifikasyonu sonucu gelişen yaygın spinal osteofitoluşumları ile karakterize bir hastalıktır. DISH’te, nadirolmakla birlikte mekanik obstrüksiyona bağlı görülendisfaji progresyon gösterebilmektedir. Tedavi erkendönemde konservatif yaklaşımdır. İleri aşamada isecerrahi olarak osteofitler eksize edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada osteofitler nedeniyle farengeal pasajı daralan, disfajive ses kısıklığı yakınması olan üç hasta sunulmuştur.Öğe DİFFÜZ İDİOPATİK İSKELET HİPEROSTOZİSİ; DİSFAJİ VE SESKISIKLIĞI İLE SEYREDEN ÜÇ OLGU SUNUMU(2019) Bayatkara, Tuğba; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Şanal, Serap KöybaşıDiffüz idiyopatik iskelet hiperostozisi(DISH),paravertebralligamanvekaslarınenkondralossifikasyonusonucugelişenyaygınspinalosteofitoluşumları ile karakterize bir hastalıktır. DISH’te, nadirolmakla birlikte mekanik obstrüksiyona bağlı görülendisfajiprogresyongösterebilmektedir.Tedavierkendönemdekonservatifyaklaşımdır.İleriaşamadaisecerrahi olarak osteofitler eksize edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada osteofitler nedeniyle farengeal pasajı daralan, disfajive ses kısıklığı yakınması olan üç hasta sunulmuştur.Öğe Effect of heparin on inflammation : an animal model of tracheal stents(Wiley-Blackwell, 2014) Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Köybaşı, Serap; Süslü, Ahmet E.; Kükner, Aysel; Tezcan, ErkanObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of systemic heparin on tracheal and wound healing. Study Design: An animal experiment using a tracheal stent model. Methods: Twenty Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups; a heparin group (n=10) that received 210 U/kg/d heparin sodium, and a saline group (n=10) that received 0.1 mL of 9% NaCl. Stents of 1 cm in length made of 8F feeding tube were placed into the tracheas of rats in both groups and stayed in place for 10 days. Ten days after removal of the stents, the rats were sacrificed and the tracheas were harvested. Histological evaluations of the tracheas were performed with respect to inflammatory parameters. Results: We observed significantly milder inflammation in the heparin group compared to the saline group in terms of inflammatory cell count, fibroblastic proliferation, edema, and vascularity at the site where the tracheal incision was made (P<.05). Inflammation tended to be of a lesser extent in the stent site in the heparin group (P>.05). Conclusions: We could demonstrate that heparin does inhibit fibroblast proliferation, inflammatory cell count, edema, and angiogenesis in this animal model. We believe that future studies can elucidate on laryngotracheal wound healing as well as their molecular mechanisms.Öğe The effect of melatonin on tinnitus with respect to sleep and depression : a randomized clinical trial(Aves, 2012) Köybaşı, Serap; Boztaş, Mehmet Hamid; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Serin, Erdinç; Süslü, Ahmet Emre; Funda, Yasemin Ongun; Şereflican, MuratObjective: In this study we aimed to investigate the psychological status of tinnitus patients as well as the sleep quality and their relation to handicap caused by tinnitus using various scales. Additionally, serum melatonin levels and the effectiveness of melatonin treatment were studied. Study Design: Prospective, double blind, randomized controlled trial Materials and Methods: Patients were divided randomly into two groups as study (melatonin, n=13) and placebo (control, n=11) groups. Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Symptom Check List (SCL), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Pittsburg Sleep Qualty Index (PSQI) were applied. After filling the scales and giving the venous blood sample for melatonin measurements the patients were instructed to take one tablet (placebo or 3 mg melatonin) before sleep every night. After 8 weeks, second order scales were filled and melatonin measurements were repeated. Results: Serum melatonin levels were between 1-260 pg/ml; the mean was 38,7 pg/ml. The correlation of melatonin levels with THI and tinnitus duration was not significant. THI was found to correlate with different measures of the PSQI, HAD, and BDI in both groups. Statistical analysis failed to show any significant difference within and between groups in respect of anxiety, depressive symptoms and sleep as well as melatonin and handicap levels. When the groups were assessed according to the THI severity (mild/moderate to severe;THI2); in the control group there was significant differences in PSQI(1) and PSQI(1) (p=0.0008, p=0.18), NAD(1), HAD(2) (0.002, 0.03), HAD Depression(1-2) (0.0, 0.006) BDI (p=0.007) PSQI(2 sleep) (disturbance) (P=0.018) parameters. However, in the melatonin group it was found that there were significant differences in SCL2 (sleep) (latency), PSQI(2) (sleep) (duration) and total PSQI(2) parameters. (p=0.022, 0.027, 0.006 respectively) Conclusion: Patients with higher handicap may benefit melatonin in respect of sleep latency and duration as well as sleep quality comparing with the patients taking placebo. Moreover, melatonin efficiency may be related to its antidepressive effect.Öğe Effect of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate on the tensile strength and pressure resistance of tracheal anastomoses ex vivo(Sage Publications Ltd, 2015) Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Köybaşı, Serap; Kazaz, Hasan; Seyhan, SinanObjectives To investigate the effects of n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate on tracheal anastomoses in terms of increased tension and intraluminal pressure ex vivo. Study Design Ex vivo experimental study. Setting Tertiary referral center (Department of Otolaryngology). Subjects and Methods Thirty sheep tracheas were used. Four cartilage rings were resected from the tracheas that were 20 cm in length. End-to-end anastomoses were performed by using Vicryl only (group 1), Vicryl and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (group 2), and n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate only (group 3). The amount of force to break off the anastomosis and the amount of intraluminal pressure to arouse air leakage through the anastomosis were measured. Results The mean force required to break off was 171.9 29.7 N in group 1, 164.8 +/- 26 N in group 2, and 13.52 +/- 2 N in group 3. The mean force required to break off in group 3 was significantly lower than those in groups 1 and 2 (P = .008 and P = .008, respectively). The mean pressure required to cause air leakage was 49.6 +/- 9.1 mm Hg in group 1, 113 +/- 14.4 mm Hg in group 2, and 15 +/- 4.2 mm Hg in group 3. Group 2 was found to be more resistant to intraluminal pressure than groups 1 and 3 (P = .008 and P = .008, respectively). Conclusion n-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate had no significant effect on tensile strength. However, its application on the suture line provided extra pressure resistance ex vivo. We believe that further studies need to be conducted to investigate its long-term effects and histological impact on tracheal anastomoses in vivo.Öğe Effect of pregnancy on vocal cord histology: an animal experiment(Aves, 2016) Şanal, Serap Köybaşı; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Kükner, Aysel; Tezcan, ErkanBackground: Voice may be affected during the period of pregnancy, especially in the third trimester. However, the exact mechanisms leading to the phonatory changes have not yet uncovered. Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the possible histological changes in the vocal cords of the pregnant rats in three separate trimesters. Study Design: Animal experiment. Methods: Twenty-five Wistar-Albino female rats were divided into four groups: control group, pregnancy day 7 (Group 1), pregnancy day 14 (Group 2) and pregnancy day 20 (Group 3). The laryngeal specimens were obtained under general anesthesia. Histological assessment was performed using Hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. A stereological analysis of vocal cord tissue was performed using a NIS-Elements D32 Imaging Software. Results: Lamina propria was observed to be edematous, and the lamina propria area was thickened starting from the second trimester. Glycosaminoglycans were observed to increase in the second trimester. Although none was encountered in the control, mast cells were observed in the lamina propria layer of the vocal cord starting in the muscular layer in the first trimester proceed to the subepithelial region as degranulated just before term. The covering epithelium remained unchanged throughout pregnancy. Conclusion: Lamina propria thickening may be attributed to both edema and increased glycosaminoglycans. The presence of mast cells in the cordal tissue may induce edema during pregnancy in rats.Öğe Evaluation of Sense of Smell in Onychomycosis Patients Receiving Terbinafine Treatment(Duzce University Medical School, 2021) Polat, Mualla; Karapinar, Tekden; Küçükyangöz, Belgin; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Uzun, Özge; Sezer, TunaAim: The most common side effects of terbinafine are gastrointestinal symptoms. Loss of taste and smell side effects are presented in a small number of case reports. We aimed to measure the effect of terbinafine on the sense of smell and the degree of change in the sense of smell in this study. Material and Methods: Odor identification test (OIT), odor threshold test (OTT), and odor discrimination test (ODT) were applied to the patients treated with terbinafine and the control group. It was applied with “Sniffin Sticks” test pens. Smell test was performed on the patient group just before the start of terbinafine treatment and at the end of 3 months of treatment. Results: There was no statistical difference between the patient and control groups in terms of age (p=0.991) and gender (p=0.811). There was no statistical difference when the initial odor tests of the patient group and the control group were compared. The OIT value of the patient group was 10.15±1.43 at the beginning and 10.10±1.15 at the end of the treatment (p=0.743). The OTT values were 6.23±1.08 at the beginning and 6.21±0.85 at the end of the treatment (p=0.811). The ODT values were 9.71±1.44 at the beginning and 9.69±1.34 at the end of the treatment (p=0.767). There was no statistical difference in the results of the tests performed at the beginning and end of the treatment. Conclusion: There was no adverse effect on the sense of smell associated with the use of systemic terbinafine treatment for 3 months. © 2021, Duzce University Medical School. All rights reserved.Öğe Facial, cervical, and mediastinal emphysema of the clarinet player : case report(Aves, 2014) Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Kesgin, Selcan; Tezcan, Erkan; Köybaşı, SerapBackground: Cervicofacial emphysema may arise due to the leakage of air from a defect in the aerodigestive tract to the fascial layers of neck and face. Rarely, it may be caused by insufflation of air through the Stensen's duct. Case Report: We present a case with diffuse facial, cervical and mediastinal emphysema due to playing a wind instrument immediately after a facial trauma. There was no mucosal defect or laceration noticed by examination which could explain the origin of the emphysema. Despite the widespread cervicofacial emphysema with mediastinal involvement, the patient significantly improved within 48 hours without any intervention. Conclusion: Even though cervicofacial emphysema ameliorates spontaneously, increased care must be taken, especially when there is pneumomediastinum and/or pneumothorax.Öğe Facial, Cervical, and Mediastinal Emphysema of the Clarinet Player: Case Report(2014) Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Kesgin, Selcan; Tezcan, Erkan; Köybaşi, SerapBackground: Cervicofacial emphysema may arise due to the leakageof air from a defect in the aerodigestive tract to the fascial layersof neck and face. Rarely, it may be caused by insufflation of airthrough the Stensen's duct.Case Report: We present a case with diffuse facial, cervical andmediastinal emphysema due to playing a wind instrument immediatelyafter a facial trauma. There was no mucosal defect or lacerationnoticed by examination which could explain the origin of theemphysema. Despite the widespread cervicofacial emphysema withmediastinal involvement, the patient significantly improved within48 hours without any intervention.Conclusion: Even though cervicofacial emphysema amelioratesspontaneously, increased care must be taken, especially when there ispneumomediastinum and/or pneumothorax.Öğe Inner ear involvement in Behcet's disease(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2010) Süslü, Ahmet Emre; Polat, Mualla; Köybaşı, Serap; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Funda, Yasemin Ongun; Parlak, Ali HaydarObjective: To assess cochlear involvement and hearing loss in patients with Behcet's disease (BD). Method: Forty-two patients with BD and 24 sex and age matched healthy subjects were included in the study. pure-tone audiometry including high frequencies (250-16000 Hz) and DPOAE were performed to all participants. Results of the audiological evaluation were compared and correlation between the audiologic status and clinical manifestations of the BD were investigated. Results: Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss was detected in 27 (64.3%) patients. Hearing thresholds were found to be higher in patients with BD at all of the frequencies except at 500 Hz when compared to control group (p < 0.05). The difference in the hearing levels tend to increase in high frequencies. Compared with control group, distortion products and SNR of the BD patients were lower in all of the tested frequencies (p < 0.05) which indicates weaker outer hair cell motility. There was no correlation between the clinical manifestations and the audiological parameters. Conclusion: Even having hearing levels within normal limits in speech frequencies, increased hearing thresholds in high frequencies and decreased signal-noise ratios (SNR) in distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) indicate a cochlear involvement in patients with BD. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigation of the relationship between trefoil factor family peptides and sinonasal inflammation(Springer India, 2023) Seyhan, Sinan; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Şanal, Serap Köybaşı; Astarcı, Hesna MüzeyyenThe trefoil factor family (TFF) is a relatively new family of peptides. In some studies, an association between trefoil factors and inflammatory diseases of the nasal and paranasal sinuses has been suggested. However, it is still not clear whether there is a relationship between trefoil peptides and inflammation of the respiratory tract. The aims of this study are to determine the presence of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 in the nasal mucosa and investigate their relationships with inflammation by using rat models of various sinonasal inflammations. Nasal tampon, lipopolysaccharide, and ovalbumin were used to generate rat models of sinonasal inflammation, i.e., rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. The study was conducted on seventy rats in seven groups, each with ten rats: four groups with rhinosinusitis, two groups with allergic rhinitis, and a control group. Histological evaluation of sinonasal mucosa from all rats was performed, and Trefoil factors were investigated using immunohistochemical methods. All three TFF peptides were detected in rat nasal mucosa by histological evaluation. No significant differences in the trefoil factor scores were observed among the study groups. A significant correlation between the TFF1 and TFF3 scores and loss of cilia was identified (p < 0.05). In conclusion, no direct relationship between sinonasal inflammation and TFF scores was observed. However, a possible association between the TFF and epithelial damage or regeneration in sinonasal inflammation can be suggested based on the correlation observed between the TFF1 and TFF3 scores and scores of cilia loss.Öğe Malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the external ear(2015) Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Köybaşı, Serap; Tezcan, Erkan; Yılmaz, FahriEkrin spiradenoma ter bezi kökenli benign bir tümördür. Malign ekrin spiradenoma neredeyse daima daha önceden var olan bir spiradenoma lezyonundan gelişen nadir bir neoplazmdır. Bu yazıda daha önce benign ekrin spiradenoma tanısı konulmuş, dış kulak malign ekrin spiradenoması olan bir hasta sunuldu. Malign dönüşüm genellikle saldırgan davranış ile ilişkilendirilse de geniş eksizyon sonrası dört yıllık takipte nüks ve metastaz tespit edilmedi.Öğe Mastoid osteoma: A case report and review of literature(Duzce University Medical School, 2015) Kesgin, Selcan; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Şanal, Serap KöybaşıOsteomas of the temporal bone are rare and are usually located in the external acoustic canal, squamous part of the temporal bone, middle ear, glenoid fossa, Eustachian tube, styloid process, internal acoustic canal. A limited number of mastoid osteomas have been reported in the literature. These tumors are usually nonsymptomatic unless they are too big leading to cosmetic deformity. In this report, a young male patient diagnosed with mastoid osteom is presented with literature review. © 2012 Düzce Medical Journal.Öğe Nasal type natural killer T-cell lymphoma involving nasooropharynx and larynx(2014) Köybaşı, Serap; Seyhan, Sinan; Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Üner, Ayşegül; Yeşilırmak, AysunLenfoma, baş boyun bölgesini tutan yassı hücreli olmayan malign tümörlerden biridir. Bu bölgedeki lenfomalar çoğunlukla B hücre tipi kaynaklıdır ve genellikle Waldeyer halkasında görülür. Bu yazıda, nazo-orofarenksten larenkse uzanan pri- mer nazal tip doğal katil T hücreli lenfoma tanılı 45 yaşında bir kadın olgu sunuldu. Nadir görülen bu olgu, kötü prognoza sahiptir.Öğe Outcomes from cyanoacrylate use in tracheal anastomosis in a rat model(Sage Publications Ltd, 2015) Biçer, Yusuf Özgür; Köybaşı, Serap; Seyhan, Sinan; Fırat, Tülin; Kazaz, HasanObjectives We aimed to investigate the histologic effects of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA) and metacryloxisulfolane (MS) comonomer on tracheal anastomosis in vivo on a rat model of tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Study Design Animal experiment. Rat model of tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Setting Animal laboratory. Subjects and Methods Tracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis were performed in 28 Wistar albino rats. Rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (n = 14), in which anastomoses were performed with 8/0 Vicryl, and study (n = 14), in which NBCA and MS comonomer was used in addition to 8/0 Vicryl to perform anastomosis. Seven rats from each group were sacrificed on day 7 and the remaining on day 28 for gross and histologic examination. Results Indurations at the site of anastomoses were detected in all rats of study group. Slight narrowing at the site of anastomosis was observed in 8 rats of the study group and in only 1 of the control group. The difference was significant on day 28 (P = .021). The inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly increased in the study group on day 28 (P = .022). Epithelial regeneration was found to be worse in the study group on day 28 (P = .022). Conclusions The use of NBCA and MS comonomer increased the inflammation in rat tracheal anastomosis with respect to inflammatory cell count and epithelial regeneration. So the use of NBCA and MS comonomer in tracheal surgery cannot be recommended yet in the light of our data.
