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Öğe Effect of cluster drop intensity on nut traits, biochemical properties, and fatty acids composition in the 'cakildak' hazelnut cultivar(Springer, 2022) Karakaya, Orhan; Yaman, İzzet; Kırkaya, Hüseyin; Uzun, Serkan; Kaya, Tuncay; Balta, Mehmet FikretThis study was conducted to determine the effect of cluster drop intensity (CDI) on nut traits, biochemical properties, and fatty acids composition in the 'cakildak' hazelnut cultivar. Many nut traits, biochemical properties, and fatty acids composition were affected by CDI. Depending on the increase in CDI, nut weight, kernel weight, nut size, kernel size, total phenolic, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity increased. Nut weight, kernel weight, and kernel ratio were determined from 2.00 (low) to 2.31 g (high), 1.09 (low and intermediate) to 1.25 g (high), and 53.34 (intermediate) to 54.27 (low), respectively. The highest total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity (3675 mg per 100 g, 37.3 mg per 100 g, and 5.14 mmol per 100 g, respectively) were detected in high CDI, while the lowest (1947 mg per 100 g, 17.5 mg per 100 g, and 2.01 mmol per 100 g, respectively) were determined in low CDI. The effects of CDI on fatty acids composition were different. Oleic acid ranged from 82.46 (low) to 84.06% (intermediate), while linoleic acid was determined between 6.77 (high) and 8.78% (low). According to principal component analysis, many of the traits investigated were associated with high CDI, except nut length, kernel length, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. In conclusion, it was determined that bioactive compounds and fatty acids composition are significantly affected depending on CDI. Also, the findings of this study showed the potential consequences of the coming hazards of global warming on hazelnuts and will be helpful for future studies.Öğe Farklı bakım koşullarında yetiştirilen Çakıldak fındık çeşidinin verim ve meyve özelliklerinin değişimi(2021) Balta, Mehmet Fikret; Yaman, Izzet; Kirkaya, Hüseyın; Karakaya, OrhanBu araştırma, bakımlı (teknik ve kültürel uygulamaların eksiksiz olarak yapıldığı) ve bakımsız (herhangi bir uygulamanın yapılmadığı) fındık bahçelerinde yetiştirilen Çakıldak çeşidinin verim ve meyve özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada incelenen verim ve meyve özellikleri bakımından bakımlı ve bakımsız bahçeler arasında önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Bakım koşullarına bağlı olarak, çotanaktaki meyve sayısı 2.39 (bakımsız) ile 2.95 (bakımlı), ocak verimi 721 g (bakımsız) ile 1751 g (bakımlı) ve gövde verimi 49.3 g (bakımsız) ile 432 g (bakımlı) arasında belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanında, kabuklu meyve ağırlığı 1.82 g (bakımsız) ile 2.27 g (bakımlı), iç meyve ağırlığı 0.96 g (bakımsız) ile 1.30 g (bakımlı), iç oranı %52.75 (bakımsız) ile %57.30 (bakımlı), kabuk kalınlığı 0.78 mm (bakımsız) ile 0.95 mm (bakımlı), sağlam iç oranı %78.0 (bakımsız) ile %91.9 (bakımlı) ve kusurlu iç oranı %7.2 (bakımlı) ile %18.3 (bakımsız) arasında tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, elde edilen bulgular fındık yetiştiriciliğinde teknik ve kültürel uygulamaların yeterli ve düzenli yapılması durumunda verim dalgalanmasının azaltılabileceğini ve çotanaktaki meyve sayısı, kabuklu meyve ağırlığı ve sağlam iç oranı gibi verimi etkileyen unsurların arttırılabileceğini göstermiştir.Öğe Nut characteristics of ‘Fosa’ and ‘Kargalak’ hazelnuts related to number of nuts per cluster(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2018) Balta, Mehmet Fikret; Balta, Fikri; Yarılgaç, Tarık; Karakaya, Orhan; Uzun, Serkan; Kırkaya, HüseyinThis research was conducted to determine nut dimensions change as a function of number of nuts cluster-1 (one, two, or three) in ‘Foşa’ and ‘Kargalak’ hazelnuts grown in Sakarya and Trabzon districts in Turkey in 2016. Randomized block designs with three replications were used. Nine ocaks were used for each cultivar, for a total of 18 ocaks in total. The nut traits investigated were nut weight, nut length, nut width, nut depth, shell thickness, kernel percentage, kernel weight, kernel length, kernel width, kernel depth, and diameter of the central cavity. The results showed that nut weight, kernel weight, kernel percentage and shell thickness in both ‘Foşa’ and ‘Kargalak’ decreased as the number of nuts cluster-1 increased. Further, nut and kernel dimensions in both cultivars decreased as the number of nuts cluster-1 increased. © 2018 International Society for Horticultural Science. All Rights Reserved.Öğe Sugar and Biochemical Composition of Some Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) Cultivar Grown in the Middle Black Sea Region(2022) Balta, Mehmet Fikret; Karakaya, Orhan; Yaman, Mehmet; Kirkaya, Hüseyın; Yaman, IzzetDue to its different ecological conditions, Türkiye is one of the rare countries where the most of fruit species have spread widely throughout the country, both economically and naturally. In this study on apple, which is one of the important fruit species with economic importance, was aimed to determine the color characteristics, biochemical and sugar contents of 4 different commercial apple cultivars grown in the ecological conditions of Çarşamba district of Samsun province. The material of the study consisted of 6-7 years (2016 and 2017) old trees belonging to Granny Smith, Fuji, Galaxy Gala, and Royal Gala cultivars grafted on M9 clone rootstock. Wide variations occurred in all parameters evaluated in the study among the cultivars. The fructose content of the cultivars was from 14.22 (Royal Gala) to 34.40 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji), glucose content was from 1.30 (Galaxy Gala) to 4.34 g 100 ml-1 (Fuji), and sucrose content was varied from 2.01 (Fuji) to 4.52 g 100 ml-1 (Granny Smith). The highest value in total sugar content was determined in Fuji cultivar with 40.75 g 100 ml-1. The highest total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (according to DPPH and FRAP) were 423.7 mg 100 g-1 (Granny Smith), 96.1 mg 100 g-1 (Fuji), 250.8 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith) and 952.9 µmol 100 g-1 (Granny Smith), respectively. In the principal component analysis results, the first component was associated with a*, b*, hue angle, total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) and explained 59.4% of the total variation. The second component explained 36.4% of the total variation of the obtained data and was determined to be related to L*, chroma, glucose, sucrose, fructose, and total sugar properties. As a result, Granny Smith cultivar gave remarkable results in terms of biochemical properties and Fuji cultivar in terms of sugar content. It is thought that the results obtained may guide the researches to be made about apples in this region.Öğe Taşova (Amasya) Yöresinde Yetiştirilen ‘Ekmek’ Ayva Çeşidinin Fiziksel ve Biyokimyasal Özellikleri(2021) Balta, Mehmet Fikret; Karakaya, Orhan; Yaman, Izzet; Uzun, Serkan; Kirkaya, HüseyınÇalışma, Amasya ili Taşova ilçesinde yetiştirilen ‘Ekmek’ ayva çeşidinin fiziksel ve biyokimyasal özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada meyve ağırlığı 305.43 g, meyve eti sertliği 62.50 N, suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı %11.64, titre edilebilir asitlik %0.83, C vitamini içeriği 11.60 mg/100 ml, glikoz içeriği 3.10 g/100 ml, sukroz içeriği 1.87 g/100 ml, fruktoz içeriği 7.62 g/100 ml, toplam fenolik 121.8 mg/100 g, toplam flavonoid 18.4 mg/100 g, antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH testine göre 0.46 mmol/100 g ve FRAP testine göre 2.67 mmol/100 g olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, ‘Ekmek’ ayva çeşidinin insan sağlığına faydalı ve hastalıklara karşı koruyucu bir etkiye sahip olan fenolikler ve antioksidanlar bakımından zengin olduğu belirlenmiştir.Öğe Tocopherol contents of almond genetic resources from Eastern and Western Turkey(Springer, 2019) Çelik, Ferit; Balta, Mehmet Fikret; Ercişli, Sezai; Gündoğdu, Müttalip; Karakaya, Orhan; Yaviç, AdnanThis study was conducted in almond genetic resources selected from Eastern and Western Turkey. 71 (Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb) genotypes were selected from Balikesir (Western Turkey) and Tunceli (Eastern Turkey) districts in 2012. Alpha (alpha)-tocopherol, gamma (gamma)-tocopherol, delta (delta)-tocopherol and alpha (alpha)-tocotrienols and total vitamin E content were investigated in the selected almond genotypes. 38 almond genotypes from Balikesir province had alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, alpha-tocotrienols and total vitamin E content to be from non detectable to 1164.36mg kg(-1) oil, non detectable to 130.03mg kg(-1) oil, non detectable to 81.38mg kg(-1) oil, non detectable to 1252.24mg kg(-1) oil, respectively. 33 almond genotypes from Tunceli district showed alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, alpha-tocotrienols and total vitamin E content to be between non-detectable and 1085.92mg kg(-1) oil, non detectable and 21.12mg kg(-1) oil, non detectable and 91.26mg kg(-1) oil, 0.86 and 1191.81mg kg(-1) oil, respectively. Delta tocopherol content was not detectable in almond genotypes selected from Balikesir and Tunceli provinces. BKS-3, BKS-16 and TUN-15 genotypes showed higher tocopherol content in comparison to the other genotypes tested. We can say that these genotypes could be a useful source for the future breeding projects in developing almond cultivars with high tocopherol content.
