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Öğe Aquatic plants as human food(Springer International Publishing, 2018) Aasim, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Sameeullah, Muhammed; Karataş, Mehmet; Khawar, Khalid MahmoodWater is one of the main components of the earth and almost 70% of the earth is surrounded by water found in oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and below the Earth’s surface. All ancient human civilizations were established and developed near the water bodies in order to fill their stomach. These water bodies provided food source like fish for consumption and plants as vegetables or for medicinal purposes. Since ancient times, the aquatic plants have had significant economic and social impact on humans on the basis of their traditional knowledge. However, localized consumption of these aquatic plants as food or as medicinal plants limits their expansion to the world market. A large number of aquatic or semiaquatic plants have potential for commercialization as food plants due to their use and nutritional value but lack of knowledge hinders exploitation of their potential. This review presents general information on marine or freshwater plants along with form of uses and dishes made. Furthermore, information about underutilized aquatic plants is also given along with well-established aquatic edible plants. Keywords Aquatic Edible Fresh water Marine VegetablesÖğe Biotechnological approaches for genetic improvement of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.)(Springer Singapore, 2018) Aasim, Muhammad; Baloch, Faheem Shahzad; Bakhsh, Allah; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid MahmoodAbstract Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is one of the important medicinal plants of ancient medicinal systems due to its high nutraceutical and pharmaceutical properties. Seeds and leaves of Fenugreek contain phytochemicals like diosgenin and trigonelline. It is a cultivated plant of the modern world for medicinal uses, an edible vegetable, and a forage plant. Advancement in industrial and biotechnological techniques for the isolation of phytochemicals increase the demand of Fenugreek, and its breeding programs are based on improving the secondary metabolites compared to other uses. Recent advancement in modern biotechnological approaches enables researchers to develop elite cultivars of desired traits in a short time. Application of modern techniques like artificial mutations under in vitro conditions, characterization using molecular markers, and development of successful plant tissue culture techniques, genetic transformation techniques, and functional genomics studies have significant potential to improve Fenugreek traits. The study highlights the application of biotechnological approaches used for the development of elite Fenugreek traits for the researchers for future breeding programs. Furthermore, the research gap and areas to improve research have been highlighted in this present study. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.Öğe Innovation in the breeding of common bean through a combined approach of in vitro regeneration and machine learning algorithms(Frontiers Media SA, 2022) Aasim, Muhammad; Katırcı, Ramazan; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Mustafa, Zemran; Bakhsh, Allah; Çiftçi, VahdettinCommon bean is considered a recalcitrant crop for in vitro regeneration and needs a repeatable and efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for its improvement through biotechnological approaches. In this study, the establishment of efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration followed by predicting and optimizing through machine learning (ML) models, such as artificial neural network algorithms, was performed. Mature embryos of common bean were pretreated with 5, 10, and 20 mg/L benzylaminopurine (BAP) for 20 days followed by isolation of plumular apice for in vitro regeneration and cultured on a post-treatment medium containing 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 1.50 mg/L BAP for 8 weeks. Plumular apice explants pretreated with 20 mg/L BAP exerted a negative impact and resulted in minimum shoot regeneration frequency and shoot count, but produced longer shoots. All output variables (shoot regeneration frequency, shoot counts, and shoot length) increased significantly with the enhancement of BAP concentration in the post-treatment medium. Interaction of the pretreatment x post-treatment medium revealed the need for a specific combination for inducing a high shoot regeneration frequency. Higher shoot count and shoot length were achieved from the interaction of 5 mg/L BAP x 1.00 mg/L BAP followed by 10 mg/L BAP x 1.50 mg/L BAP and 20 mg/L BAP x 1.50 mg/L BAP. The evaluation of data through ML models revealed that R-2 values ranged from 0.32 to 0.58 (regeneration), 0.01 to 0.22 (shoot counts), and 0.18 to 0.48 (shoot length). On the other hand, the mean squared error values ranged from 0.0596 to 0.0965 for shoot regeneration, 0.0327 to 0.0412 for shoot count, and 0.0258 to 0.0404 for shoot length from all ML models. Among the utilized models, the multilayer perceptron model provided a better prediction and optimization for all output variables, compared to other models. The achieved results can be employed for the prediction and optimization of plant tissue culture protocols used for biotechnological approaches in a breeding program of common beans.Öğe Insect-resistant transgenic crops: Retrospect and challenges(Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 2015) Bakhsh, Allah; Khabbazi, Saber Delpasand; Baloch, Faheem Shahzada; Demirel, Ufuk; Çalışkan, Mehmet EminThe advent of genetic engineering has revolutionized agriculture remarkably with the development of superior insect-resistant crop varieties harboring resistance against insect pests. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used as a main source for insect-resistant genes. In addition to Bt endotoxins, various plant lectins and other non-Bt genes from different sources have also been introduced in crop plants of economic importance. The insect-resistant crops have made a huge economic impact worldwide since their commercial release. The cultivation of insect-resistant cultivars has resulted both in increased crop productivity and in decreased environmental pollution. Although insect-resistant crops have been allowed to be commercialized following proper biosafety guidelines and procedures, still these crops face many challenges in order to be fully adopted and accepted. The degradation kinetics of Bt proteins, horizontal and vertical gene flow, effects on nontarget insects or organisms, antibiotic resistance, and some other unintended effects have been noted and discussed. Although no concrete evidence regarding any significant hazard of genetically engineered crops has been presented so far, the debate still remains intense. Impartial and professionally competent regulatory mechanisms for the evaluation of insect-resistant and other transgenic crops must be fully functionalized. The first part of this review focuses the development of different insect-resistant crops and various strategies adapted to delay resistance development in insect pests, while the second part addresses the challenges and future prospects of insect-resistant crops. © TÜBİTAK.Öğe An Insight to Micropropagation of Freshwater Aquatic Medicinal Plants(Springer International Publishing, 2019) Aasim, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Karataş, Mehmet; Shahzad Bloch, Faheem; Bakhsh, AllahFreshwater aquatic plants include medicinal and ornamental species: have limited demand and rarely micropropagated. Most of them are found in Southeast Asian environments as amphibians or fully submerged or floating in lakes, streams, and watercourses that are ignored as weeds. These plants have never been central focuses and were not looked for characteristic proliferation. It is difficult to multiply these plants using traditional techniques through seeds or natural proliferation of rhizomes or cuttings by maintaining quality. Rare and fragmented but important information about micropropagation of these neglected plants has been discussed in this chapter. There are certain aquatic or semiaquatic medicinal plants for which no effort has been made to propagate in vitro. Contrarily, plants like water hyssop have extensive in vitro regeneration protocols due to its high demand. This study compares methodologies used by researchers to micropropagate these plants. It is concluded that this study will help in understanding and establishing systems for scientific propagation of these plants. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.Öğe Plant tissue culture and genetic transformation studies of poor man crop cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L.)(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2018) Aasim, Muhammad; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Sevinc, Canan; Day, Sibel; Khawar, Khalid MahmoodCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) with origin in West Africa, is one of the most important cultivated edible and drought tolerant legume of semiarid and subtropical regions. It is used for consumption as human food and animal feed, providing low cost protein and vitamin supplements. It is also important since it fixes atmospheric mitogen and could act as an intercrop with many important cereals, industrial and cash crops in high drought hit areas. Biotic and abiotic stresses are major constraints that are hitting yield of this crop in larger parts of the world. Use of biotechnology could serve as an appropriate technique to accelerate breeding activities and handle factors affecting its growth and development. This study reviews recent developments about the plant that is difficult and shows high recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation; using different genes of interest, since 1980s. Main focus of the study included a comparison of protocols developed for sterilization, types of explants used in the study, growth mediums, cultural conditions, rooting, acclimatization and genetic transformation of cowpea. Different researchers have used variable pathways and pursuits to achieve regeneration from number of explants and plant hormone combinations to achieve the goals. © 2018 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe Use of genetic engineering: benefits and health concerns(Crc Press-Taylor & Francis Group, 2016) Bakhsh, Allah; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad; Hatipoğlu, Rüştü; Özkan, HakanGenetic engineering is the technique of excising, changing, or adding genes to a DNA molecule to alter the inbuilt information. With the modification of such information, the type or amount of protein is changed that an organism produces naturally. Applications of genetic engineering technologies are widespread ranging from the development of drugs, human gene therapy, enhanced agricultural productivity, food processing, and friendly environment to chemical and pharmaceutical industries (Gasser and Fraley 1989). Selective breeding has played a pivotal role in improving crop plants and animals from prehistoric times. In fact, agriculture started right from the selection of wild grasses, followed by subsequent breeding, to develop precursors of modern staples such as wheat, rice, and maize (Baloch et al. 2010; Comertpay et al. 2012). The conventional breeding has contributed significantly in the development of high-yielding crop varieties since past centuries; however, the pace of development of new crop cultivars has been relatively slow along with the limitation of fertility barriers allowing only plants of the same or closely related species for hybridization. Current genetic engineering approaches to crop improvements have gained momentum in developed as well as developing countries (Hussain 2002; Bakhsh et al. 2009).
